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Cold exhaust out let main inlet/outlet Hot exhaust inlet Box containing Direct Evaporator pre-heating area superheating area headers (terminal only) evaporation area Figure 15. Implementation of protective staging (evaporator in parallel setup). (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 16. Variable finning of the tube and enhancements of the internal heat transfer surface to control heat flux and tube side film temperature. 2.3.2 Heat Exchanger Modeling Results A detailed thermodynamic model was constructed using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software (F-Chart Software Inc.) to design and simulate the heat exchanger performance for a direct evaporator using the Protective Staging concept. It was concluded that the Zudkevitch-Joffe equation of state for cyclopentane provides the best match to the NIST property data for cyclopentane. The output of this model includes all heat flows, heat fluxes, and temperatures at the inlet and outlets of each section on the working fluid and the exhaust gas side. It contains detailed correlations for the pressure loss and heat transfer coefficient of the fin tubes measured in-house. The current preliminary design is based on these data. The outputs of this tool were compared to the outputs of the commercial heat exchanger design program, ASPEN ACOL Exchanger Design and Rating, and agreed very well (see Figure 17). The wall temperatures are predicted to stay well below the critical limit and pressure losses of the exhaust gas and the working fluid are less than the design limits as well. An off-design mass flow/pressure loss calculation carried out for each section of the boiler indicated stable flow behavior without the danger of oscillations characteristic for once-though steam boilers that are caused by maldistribution in parallel flow passes. Flow stability is attained when the gradient of pressure over mass flow is always positive throughout the range of operation, which was shown in the calculations. 16PDF Image | Final Report Modifications and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle to Improve the Recovery of Waste Heat
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