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10000 1000 100 1.28 1.29 1.3 1.2 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1000/T (K) Figure 21. Average measured ignition delay time for cyclopentane. 2.5.2 Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analyses Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses were performed to assess the flammability of the selected working fluid in the hot exhaust gas stream stemming from a potential pinhole leak in the evaporator. The primary concern here is the potential for leaked working fluid to become trapped in the recirculation regions behind of the finned tubes. The stabilization of a flame in the eddy region behind a bluff body in a high velocity gas stream is a well-known phenomenon used to anchor the flame in the combustors of jet enginesb. A flame stabilized in this manner can spread throughout the entire flammable mixture. The residence time of gases in the recirculation zone behind a bluff body dictate whether the flame will propagate or extinguish. The scenario of concern is that fluid released a small leak in a finned tube could ignite, burn undetected for a long time, and potentially degrade surrounding materials or ignite secondary fires. CFD analyses were performed to assess flammability of a direct evaporator due to a potential pinhole leak in a finned tube. In this non-premixed scenario, there are locally fuel-rich and fuel-lean regions within the heat exchanger. Thus, the leaked fluid concentration falls between the upper and lower flammability limits at some locations. A three-dimensional large eddy simulation (LES) of a direct evaporator was developed that predicts: (1) residence time of particles representing leaked working fluid in a finned-tube heat exchanger, and (2) temperatures within the heat exchanger after a postulated combustion event. The predicted residence time was compared with the experimentally obtained IDT to determine if the temporal characteristics of the flow recirculation in the wake region of the tubes might lead to ignition. For a baseline operating condition, a combustion simulation is employed to investigate whether temperatures are sufficiently high to affect the structural integrity of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Since well-defined chemical reaction mechanisms were not identified or used for the candidate working fluid, an eddy breakup model was employed. The model considers hot TEG flowing across a finned heat exchanger tube bank section and interacting with vaporized working fluid released from a b Longwell, J. P., et al., 1953, “Flame Stability in Bluff Body Recirculation Zones.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 45, Issue 8, pp. 1629–1633. 22 Ignition Delay Time (ms)PDF Image | Final Report Modifications and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle to Improve the Recovery of Waste Heat
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