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compensate for the excessive demand for mining, enabling a more circular economy for these materials (Tuncuk et al., 2012). Figure 1.1 Global e-waste generation from 2010 to 2018 (data from (Baldé et al., 2015)) The large household appliances (washing machines, air conditioners and refrigerators) may be an important source of base metals (Al, Cu, Fe, etc.) (Kasper et al., 2015), while small devices, such as cellphones, laptop computers, and other electronic devices, are rich in precious metals (Ag, Au, Pt and Pd) and critical metals (rare earth elements and Indium) (Tuncuk et al., 2012; Kasper et al., 2015). Moreover, some hazardous elements such as lead, mercury, and cadmium could be found in Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) TV sets, lamps, and batteries, as well as cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic modules (Kasper et al., 2015; Weckend et al., 2016). In addition, recycling polymers from e-waste is not only beneficial for energy recovery, particularly in an incineration process, but also promotes recovering hazardous elements (Br and Sb) in order to minimize their negative effects on the environment (Wang et al., 2014). Furthermore, the silicon that can be found in microchips, processors, and photovoltaic modules is an example of the ceramic materials that could be recycled (Kasper et al., 2015). Currently, four common disposal practices to handle e-waste are summarized as follows (Baldé et al., 2015): 2PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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