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(EWRA, 2003; RoHS, 2007; ERCC, 2017). The 25 states are listed as follows: California, Maine, Maryland, Washington, Connecticut, Minnesota, Oregon, Texas, North Carolina, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Virginia, West Virginia, Missouri, Hawaii, Rhode Island, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Vermont, South Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, and Utah (ERCC, 2017). Generally speaking, a recycling route requires collection, pre-treatment at a recycling facility and recovery of valuable components. A cost-effective collection scheme, appropriate tipping fee and well-established consumers’ awareness of returning e-waste are the keys of an efficient recycling of e-waste (Osibanjo et al., 2016, Kumar et al., 2017). 1.2 Waste Printed Circuit Board (WPCB) Composition Table 1.4 shows the content of selected PCBs. Waste printed circuit boards can contain up to 60 elements that are classified into two categories: metallic and non-metallic materials (Schluep et al., 2009). Generally, a printed circuit board is composed of approximately 30-40% metals (such as: copper, iron, nickel, lead, tin, silver, gold, and palladium), 30% organic resin and 30% refractory oxides (mainly glass fibers). The composition of printed circuit boards varies depending on their designs, ages, and applications. Even though there are several types of printed circuit boards, such as FR-1, FR-2, FR4, and CEM boards (where FR represents flammable retardants and CEM represents composite epoxy materials), FR-2 and FR-4 are two most common types of printed circuit boards. FR-2 boards that are made of cellulose paper impregnated with phenolic resin are usually used in television and home appliances; while FR-4 boards that are made of fiberglass reinforced with an epoxy resin are usually found in computers, mobile phones, and other communication equipment (Kasper et al., 2015). As shown in Table 1.4, bromine, a component to make flammable retardant along with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and antimony trioxide, was found in printed circuit boards at an average content of 5.01%. Presently, the only ways to practically treat the non-metallic fraction on a large scale are incineration and landfill, which results in a severe consequence where some of the organic matters can either produce hazardous substances as the composition of off-gas or convert into some poisonous compounds (Yin et al, 2011; Chien et al., 2000). 6PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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