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In terms of metals, there is no doubt that copper is the most abundant metallic element in printed circuit boards. Copper is mainly used as electric current conductors. The second most abundant metallic element is iron at 4.53 %, followed by tin with 4.09%. Tin is mainly used in solders for connecting the components to the boards. In Europe, due to the RoHS Directive that took effect in 2006 and rising consciousness of lead toxicity, the new lead-free solder, mainly comprising 96.1% Sn and 2.6% Ag, replaces the lead solder that contained 65% Sn and 37% Pb (Szalatkiewicz, 2014). Precious metals, such as gold, silver and palladium, can also be found in printed circuit boards, and are used as contact materials or as plating layers due to their high chemical stability and conductivity. Since the concentration of precious metals in printed circuit boards is higher than the concentration of precious metals in their ore, waste printed circuit boards are considered to be the major secondary sources of precious metals. 1.3 Waste Printed Circuit Board Market Value As of November, 2017, current payout rates of sorted boards, shown in Appendix A, ranged from $0.14 to $9 per pound (Boardsort.com, 2017), depending on the various designs, ages, and chemical compositions of the boards. In addition, an estimation of the market value of the metals present in PCBs was conducted to verify if the recovery of metals from the PCBs is cost-effective. For this calculation, an averaged concentration of metals in the printed circuit boards based on data from Table 1.4 and prices of metals on December 1st, 2017 from InvestmentMine were used and shown in Table 1.5. This data yield a market value of approximately $14,802 / tonne of PCBs. More than 80% of the overall market value is from precious metals, even though the concentration of base metals (Cu, Zn, Ni and Sn) is much greater than the concentration of precious metals present in printed circuit boards. 8PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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