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utilization of a Mozley concentrator for pre-extraction of metals from PCBs. The Mozley concentrator consists of a flat tray and separation V-shaped tray for fine and coarse particles, respectively. The water flow rate and tilt-tray angle were considered as parameters to be optimized. Veit et al. reported that the material size fraction of -1+0.25 mm was used in the gravity process, after taking the loss of materials and interference of fine particles in the gravity process into consideration. It appeared that it was possible to pre-concentrate 85% copper, 95% tin, 96% nickel, and 98% silver, while aluminum and gold could not be recovered due to their densities and lamellar forms, respectively (Veit et al. 2014). Flotation also has been investigated to separate metals from organic matter. The plastic is naturally hydrophobic; thus, an e-waste flotation study without reagents was carried out to mainly investigate the kinetic parameters of airflow rate, pulp density and impeller speed with the 65% passing 35 μm materials (Cui et al., 2016). It was found that the natural hydrophobicity of the plastic was confirmed by the experiment and the mechanism of the flotation was the first order kinetics. Gold and palladium could be recovered with a 64% recovery at an enrichment ratio of 3:1 (Ogunniyi et al, 2009). Mäkinen et al. (2015) showed that even though flotation, without reagents, could produce the concentrated metal products, a relatively large amount of copper, nickel, lead and antimony were found in the froth, which contributed to severe consequences of disposal and loss of metals. Moreover, Vidyadhar et al. (2013) reported that under the conditions of an agitating speed of 1198 rpm, a frother dosage of 0.61 kg/ton, and a pulp density of 9.02%, as well as an air flow of 5.00 lph, 37% metal content with 76% mass yield was obtained, which meant that nearly 95% metal value was recovered. 2.3 Recycling of Non-Metallic Fraction As mentioned in Section 2.2, the non-metallic fraction in PCBs can be separated from the metallic fraction by physical separation, such as magnetic separation, flotation, electrostatic separation and gravity separation. However, some challenges, such as how to achieve a clean separation between non-metallic and metallic fraction, are still remaining. In addition, there are four main methods to chemically recycle the non-metallic fraction (Cui et al., 2016). These include pyrolysis, gasification, supercritical fluid depolymerization and hydrogenolytic degradation (Guo et al., 2010). Other than landfill or combustion, the non-metallic fraction can be reused in different fields, such as building materials and additives. Li et al. (2007) reported that the non-metallic 13PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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