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fraction attained from a crushing-corona electrostatic separation could be hot-pressed into a nonmetallic plate with a few additives. The nonmetallic plates could be used as building materials (Li et al, 2007). Guo et al. (2008) further reported that the non-metallic plates had a flexural strength of 68.8 MPa and a Charpy impact strength of 6.4 kJ/m2, when the nonmetallic plates contained 20 wt. % non-metallic materials from PCBs and the particle size of the nonmetallic fraction was less than 0.07 mm (Guo et al., 2008). Guo et al. (2010) also investigated the replacement of the non-metallic fraction from PCBs in the production of wood plastic composite. The results indicated that the flexural strength and tensile strength could be enhanced by using the non-metallic fraction, compared to using wood flour (Guo et al., 2010). 2.4 Hydrometallurgical Process There are a number of publications on hydrometallurgical recycling of e-waste (Tuncuk et al., 2012). A hydrometallurgical process consists of leaching, purification and recovery of metals. 2.4.1. Extraction of Base Metals Base metals, such as copper, lead, zinc, and nickel, can be found in waste printed circuit boards. Generally, leaching is the first step of hydrometallurgical treatment in order to dissolve the constituents of the e-scrap to form a pregnant leaching solution by suitable lixiviants (Cui et al., 2016). Acid leaching with an oxidant reagent is widely used for the first stage leaching of base metals from PCBs. The base metal leaching, particularly for copper, is generally conducted by using an acid (H2SO4, HNO3, aqua regia, and HClO) with various oxidants, including H2O2, O2, Fe3+, and Cl2. Hydrometallurgical processing of copper oxide and chalcocite ores accounts for approximately 20% of total primary copper production per year (Schlesinger et al., 2011). The copper is recovered by sulfuric acid leaching, followed by solvent extraction and electrowinning. As for the hydrometallurgical recycling of copper from e-waste, it has been extensively studied in the last few decades. Typically, the metallic copper is dissolved in sulfuric acid to produce a copper- bearing pregnant leaching solution, and then the pregnant solution undertakes solvent extraction to produce a high-purity CuSO4-H2SO4 electrolyte. Eventually, the Cu2+ ions in this electrolyte are reduced and electrowon as pure metallic copper in the form of cathodes. Sulfuric acid leaching with H2O2 is shown in Equations (2.1) and (2.2). 14PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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