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of copper, which was due to the fact that the chloride generation preferably occurred in the anode (Kim et al., 2011). Moreover, a comparison was made to differentiate the performances in two separated reactors and in a combined reactor, which could be used as both the chlorine generator and leaching process. The results showed that current and temperature were of importance in terms of the kinetics of copper dissolution and metal leaching. The generation of cuprous ions has a negative effect on the leaching efficiency of the metals. Furthermore, it was observed that the surface layer diffusion was the kinetic mechanism of copper dissolution, which meant that the rate controlling step of copper leaching was the diffusion of the lixiviant through the porous product layer (Kim et al., 2008). Yazici and Deveci (2015) further studied cupric chloride leaching of copper as well as other metals (Fe, Ni, Ag, Pd and Au) from PCBs (Yazici et al., 2015). The study showed that an almost complete extraction of copper, nickel and iron was achieved over a leaching period of 120 minutes at 79mM initial Cu2+. Increasing the initial copper concentration remarkably enhanced the metal extraction except for gold. Increasing temperature and oxygen supply could also increase the extraction of palladium and silver to 90% and 98%, respectively. That could be attributed to maintaining the high ratio of Cu2+/Cu+ and thermodynamically favorable reactions between palladium/ silver and dissolved oxygen (Yazici et al., 2015). The pressure leaching of copper has been extensively investigated in recent years due to two benefits: higher concentration of oxygen in solution and faster kinetics (Schlesinger et al., 2011). However, a limited amount of literature mentioned the application of pressure oxidation leaching in recycling PCBs. Jha et al. reported that at 150 °C with 2 M H2SO4 and 15% H2O2 under the oxygen pressure of 20 bar, 97.01% copper could be recovered from the liberated metal sheets, which was pretreated by organic swelling (Jha et al, 2011). As mentioned above, there are potential leaching reagents that are capable of extracting base metals. Table 2.1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of four reagents for base metal extraction. 2.4.2. Extraction of Precious Metals Precious metals have been used in electric and electronic industries due to their excellent electrical conductivity, low contact electrical resistance and corrosion resistance (Syed, 2012), even though rare earths have started partially replacing precious metals in the electronic industry. Therefore, a large number of e-waste contains a significant amount of precious metals, particularly 16PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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