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produce free atoms, depending on the type of atomizers (a lame furnace or graphite furnace). A hollow cathode lamp designated to a specific element is the light source that produces the line emission spectrum of the element of interest. Given that the lines in the spectrum have the exact energy to excite atoms of the same element in a flame or graphite atomizer, the free atoms of the element can absorb the light at a characteristic wavelength. The light accepted in the detector then produces an electrical signal proportional to the light intensity, which is further converted to the concentration of the atom based on a calibration curve. 4.1.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) that was first commercially introduced in 1983 is a destructive analytical technique used for the detection of trace metals. It has been widely used in many diverse fields, such as environmental geological, biomedical and nuclear applications (Thomas R., 2013). An ICP-MS system generally consists of two parts: the inductively coupled plasma and the mass spectrometer. The principle of an ICP-MS system (Thomas Rm 2013, Wolf, 2005) is that an aqueous sample is typically pumped into a nebulizer where it is converted into an aerosol with argon gas. The fine droplets of aerosol are separated from large droplets by a spray chamber, and then are introduced into the ICP torch. The elements in the aerosol are converted to positively charged ions and then directed into the mass spectrometer via an interface region. In the mass spectrometer, the ions are separated by their mass-to-charge ratio. The most common type of mass spectrometers is the quadrupole mass filter, in which the ions of a single mass-to charge ratio can pass through the rods to the detector at a given time period. Finally, the ions detected are converted to electrical signals and then processed by a data-handling system to produce analyte concentrations. The range from sub-part-per-trillion (sub-ppt) to 10 part- per-billion is the detection limit, depending on the chemical element measured. 4.2 Characterization of Printed Circuit Boards The characterization of the waste printed circuit boards from Aurubis is performed to comprehensively understand their chemical composition, association and size distribution. The following sections will illustrate them, respectively. 36PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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