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100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Ni Cu Zn Ag Au Pd 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time (hr) Figure 6.11 Bromine leaching of shredded waste printed circuit boards in the presence of 0.77M Br2 and 2.23M NaBr (400 RPM, 50 °C and natural pH) In the leaching system, the dissolution of gold and silver requires the presence of bromine, because bromine does not only serve as the bromide source, but also offer a high oxidation- reduction potential, which is essential to make the reaction proceed. Meanwhile, sodium bromide is a bromide source in order to provide sufficient bromide ions, along with bromine, for forming soluble gold-bromide/silver-bromide complex ions. With regard to copper, bromine plays a role in maintaining a high potential for copper oxidation. At the same time, as shown in Eq. 6.1, bromine reacts with water to reversibly produce HBr and HBrO. Hydrobromic acid serves as a strong acid to dissolve copper at a high oxidation-reduction potential. Br2 + H2O = HBr + HBrO (6.1) In terms of other base metals, they are likely to react with hydrobromic acid to form metal ions. Sodium bromide appears to not play a role in their leaching. Therefore, in order to lower the sodium bromide usage, several relatively inexpensive mineral acids (HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4) were investigated to leach shredded waste printed circuit boards. Given that sulfur is abundantly available (Apodaca, 2018) and sulfuric acid is relatively cheap, sulfuric acid is widely used as a leachant for the leaching of a wide variety of metal 75 Metal dissolved (%)PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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