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CHAPTER 8 PROCESS DESIGN & ECONOMIC EVALUATION From Chapter 6, it is obvious that copper, zinc, nickel, palladium and silver, as well as gold can be leached by a bromine-sodium bromide system. Due to the limitation of the research period, it is not possible to further investigate following hydrometallurgical processes, such as liquid-solid separation and purification. However, it is beneficial to propose a hydrometallurgical flowsheet that may possibly further separate each desired metal from the leaching solution. The following section will present a hydrometallurgical process to treat waste printed circuit boards and a preliminary economic analysis based on the flowsheet proposed. 8.1 Process Design As shown in Fig. 8.1, a separation and refining process is described as follows: after leaching, the undissolved residue with the elemental composition shown in Table 8.1 is filtrated and sent to an incinerator; while the bromine solution is treated with ferrous sulfate. Gold is precipitated and separated for its recovery and further purification. The addition of heat to the gold free solution is used for the distillation recovery of elemental bromine. Due to the shortage of bromine, silver is precipitated as silver bromide. Then the filtrate from silver bromide is treated with beta-hydroxyoxime to extract palladium and base metals. The organic phase is scrubbed with weak hydrochloric acid to remove base metals. Subsequently, the organic phase containing palladium is stripped by aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution. Palladium is then precipitated as (NH4)2PdCl6 with hydrochloric acid. The precipitates are calcined in a reducing atmosphere to produce palldium metal. Base metals from both the raffinate from palladium solvent extraction and the scrubbing solution are further separated by a solvent extraction at various pH. After separating the organic phase and raffinate, Zinc and copper are stripped from the loaded organic using concentrated sulfuric acid and treated by electrowinning, respectively, while nickel is stripped by concentrated hydrochloric acid and then treated by pyrohydrolysis to form nickel oxide powder and to regenerate the hydrochloric acid needed for stripping the nickel from the extractant. The raffinate is treated by electrowinning to recover lead. Finally, the solution after electrowinning is sent back to the leaching system for reuse. 105PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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