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CHAPTER 9 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION A comprehensive literature survey of recycling waste printed circuit boards, emphasizing hydrometallurgical processes, was completed. From the survey, an upward trend on e- waste generation and production requires efficient recycling technologies. Pyrometallurgy is the current commercialized technology to treat e-waste. On the contrary, hydrometallurgy is still limited to lab-scale tests, even though it is relatively suitable for small-scale applications and can be capable of offering a relatively low capital cost on the recycling facility, compared to pyrometallurgy. A comprehensive characterization illustrated that copper was the most abundant metallic element in waste printed circuit boards, followed by iron and tin. Silver was the primary precious metal present in printed circuit boards at 437 ppm. It occurred separately and with tin, lead, and nickel. Gold was present at approximately 145 ppm and was usually found liberated or as a coating on copper but occasionally occurred as an alloy with nickel. Physical separation was investigated to pre-treat shredded waste circuit boards. Although the calculation of concentration criterion suggested that a good separation possibly happened, the results from the shaking table and heavy liquid separation tests indicated a considerable loss of gold, which significantly reduced the practical incentive to use physical separation. Furthermore, flotation and electrostatic separation for various particle size fractions were also conducted; however, the poor separation resulted in a significant loss of precious metals. Given that the physical pretreatment was not satisfactory as a result of its poor recovery performance, direct bromide leaching was investigated as follows: The thermodynamic study illustrated a region where bromine could dissolve gold to form stable tetrabromo gold ions. The thermodynamic study also showed that palladium, copper and silver could also be dissolved in a bromide-bromine system. 112PDF Image | HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF E-SCRAP
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