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similar to those used in many electronic devices. The cells themselves also vary in composition of their internal components. In particular, the cath- ode material can be any one of a variety of lithium transition metal oxides such as lithium cobalt ox- ide (LCO), lithium nickel/manganese/cobalt ox- ide (NMC), or lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Many battery manufacturers are moving towards various nickel-rich compositions to reduce their reliance on cobalt. NMC’s are generally notated as NMCabc (e.g., NMC111 or NMC811), repre- senting LiNixMnyCozO2, where x+y+z=1 and x=a/(a+b+c), y=b/(a+b+c) and z=c/(a+b+c). 4. Recycling Processes for Li-ion Batteries Because Li-ion batteries are complex prod- ucts, many paths for their recycling are possible. Some of these paths, starting after the pack has been dismantled, are mapped out in Fig. 2, which shows the interrelationships among process types. Leftward paths yield products of higher value. There are three basic process types: pyro- metallurgy (smelting), hydrometallurgy (leach- ing), and direct recycling (physical processes). Process components can be combined in different ways, depending on factors like quantity and characteristics of the material available and quan- tity and value of the materials that can be recov- ered. 3 Fig. 2. Possible recycling paths for lithium-ion batteries.PDF Image | Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes
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