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7 Fig. 6. Anode microstructure before and after cycling. (Courtesy of Daniel Abraham, Argonne) Fig. 7. Cathode microstructure before and after cycling. (Courtesy of Daniel Abraham, Argonne) 6. Research to Enable Li-ion Battery Recy- cling The objective of Li-ion battery recycling re- search is to recover as many materials as possible, in as useful a condition as possible, and in a man- ner that makes environmental and economic sense. Throughout this paper, we have high- lighted shortcomings of existing processes, and now bring these together as areas where research could improve upon current practice. Research areas can be categorized into several types. The first that stands out is separation processes. 6.1 Separation Methods The need for material separation permeates the entire recycling process chain from collection through product recovery. The first step is to sep- arate battery types from each other so they can be sent for appropriate processing. Even smelting produces a higher-value product if Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries are separated, and if LFP batteries are removed. For large packs, labels are probably sufficient identification; these can be read by hu- mans or machines. Disassembly of the packs and modules to the cell level could also be either man- ual or automated. If a mixture of individual cells is to be processed, further separation of these byPDF Image | Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes
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