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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5069 15 of 20 design which gave confidence in the methodology. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of the degree of reaction, flow coefficient and loading coefficient on the performance and the feasibility of the proposed design. The designs were assessed at three rotational speeds, namely 150, 200 and 250 kRPM, with specific speed ranging between 0.23 to 0.39 rad. It is found that feasible designs could be obtained, considering the minimum allowable inlet blade height and mean diameter, at a low flow coefficient (in the range of 0.2), a high loading coefficient (>2.8), and a low degree of reaction at a rotational speed of 150 kRPM. Additionally, low degree of reaction results in higher efficiencies owing to the high rotor inlet blade angles. High aspect ratios were found to result in high efficiencies and high stresses, and hence the selection of the optimum aspect ratio is a trade-off between the high efficiency and low stresses. This work has demonstrated the suitability of Soderberg’s and Ainley and Mathieson’s models loss correlations to investigate the design of a single-stage axial turbine for sCO2 applications. It has also provided important insights into the trade-offs between aerodynamic and mechanical design that should be considered at this scale. However, the next necessary steps would be to conduct a more detailed structural analysis, alongside extending the mean-line model to include more sophisticated loss models, and conducting 3D CFD simulations to further validate the model. Author Contributions: All the named authors designed the presented study, A.I.S and M.T.W. provided the paper conceptualization. The Methodology was conducted by S.I.S. The software was developed by S.I.S and M.T.W. S.I.S conducted the validation, formal analysis and investigation. S.I.S and M.A.K prepared the initial manuscript and M.T.W and A.I.S reviewed and edited the paper before submission. This work has been completed under the supervision of A.I.S. and M.T.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The SCARABEUS project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 814985. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: A b2 b3 CSP CT stress c C Ca d GB stress h KIER KAERI m ̇ Ma EDM nR Ns N NNL Q ̇ rm RANS RPM sCO2 SNL Mean blade area [m2 ] Rotor inlet blade height [mm] Rotor exit blade height [mm] Concentrated-solar power Centrifugal tensile stress [MPa] Blade chord length [mm] Absolute Velocity [m/s] Axial velocity component Mean blade diameter [mm] Gas bending stress [MPa] Mean blade height [mm] Korea institute of energy research Korea atomic energy research institute Mass flow rate [kg/s] Mach number [-] micro-electrical discharge machining The number of rotor blades [-] Specific speed [rad] Rotational speed [kRPM] Naval Nuclear Laboratory Volume flow rate [m3 /s] Mean blade radius [mm] Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations Revolutions per minutes Supercritical carbon dioxide. Sandia national laboratoryPDF Image | Mean-Line Design of a Supercritical CO2 Micro Axial Turbine
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