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2 Background 2.1 HistoryandRecentDevelopmentsofNaturalGas 2.1.1 Natural Gas Consumption in the United States No energy source supplies a more diverse range of sectors and uses than natural gas: heating and cooking in the residential and commercial sectors; feedstock for manufacturing processes in the industrial sector; peak, intermediate, and base-load electricity generation in the electric power sector; and fuel to power natural gas pipelines and vehicles in the transportation sector. In comparison, almost all of the coal consumed in the United States is for electricit8y generation while nearly three-quarters of U.S. petroleum consumption is for transportation. U.S. natural gas consumption is roughly equally divided across the residential and commercial (32% in 2011), industrial (33%), and electric power sectors (31%) (Figure 1). Within each of these sectors, natural gas accounted for a significant portion of energy consumption: in 2011, 75% of reside9ntial and commercial, 41% of industrial, and 20% of electric power sector energy consumption. The only sector currently consuming little natural gas is the transportation sector, which includes both the use of natural gas to power natural gas pipeline transmission networks as well as natural gas used as vehicle fuel. Of total natural gas consumed in 2011, 2.8% was used for pipeline operations, while 0.1% was used as vehicle fuel.10 2.1.2 Recent Developments and Market Effects of Shale Gas U.S. natural gas production has traditionally come from conventional oil and gas wells. However, in the 2000s, developments in drilling technology, notably the combined use of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, along with access to private and public minerals, high natural gas prices, and increasingly upward shale gas resource estimates, spurred a wave of drilling activity in previously uneconomic shale basins, unlocking an abundant supply of domestic natural gas. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data shows that shale gas production grew by more than 15-fold from 0.32 trillion cubic feet (tcf) in 2000 to nearly 5 tcf in 2010—23% of natural gas production in 2010.11 With continued growth, shale gas is now estimated to provide more than one-third of total gas production.12 Together, shale gas, tight gas, and coalbed methane now account for more than half of total gas production (Figure 2). The rapid growth of shale gas production has offset declining production from conventional wells and helped maintain year-on-year increases in overall gas production. As a result of the volume and speed of rising shale gas production in recent years, the following impacts have occurred: • Lowest natural gas prices in a decade • Widening oil-to-gas price spreads • Widening U.S. gas-to-international gas price spreads • Immediate coal-to-gas switching in the electric power sector • Decreasing net imports of natural gas • Evolving supply estimates. 5PDF Image | Opportunities Synergy Natural Gas and Renewable Energy
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