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subsequent analyses of their results have brought to light areas of operational and market inefficiencies. They have also produced a variety of recommended technical, structural, and economic solutions to improve the assimilation of variable generation at lowest cost with market efficiency.v The section below highlights six major market design issues facing natural gas and renewable energy electricity generators: 1. Harmonization of day-ahead natural gas and electricity scheduling logistics. Significant misalignments exist in the scheduling and procurement of day-ahead and intra-day natural gas and electricity generation.82 In several electricity regions, natural gas generators need to procure gas supplies before receiving electricity schedules from electricity system operators, resulting in excess fuel supply risks. Optimization of electricity and gas scheduling timelines can minimize the existing inefficiencies across the two markets and reduce system and operating costs. 2. Flexible natural gas pipeline service options. Pipeline transportation service options were originally developed to meet the needs of historical gas purchasers, mainly gas utilities [i.e., local distribution companies (LDC)].83 These options were not well-suited to the fluctuating and less predictable supply requirements of gas electricity generators. Gas generators today rely on a mix of firm and interruptible pipeline service, third-party delivery service, and daily released pipeline capacity from LDCs.84 While this patchwork approach has functioned reasonably well so far, the recent upsurge in gas generation has exposed greater electricity reliability concerns caused by gas pipeline constraints and relying on interruptible service.85 Incidents of gas curtailments to electricity generators,86 such as the occurrence in New England in January 2004 due to unusually cold weather, are evidence of this growing challenge. New pipeline service options, particularly for flexible and short-term firm capacity, and improved rules for more efficient and real-time pipeline capacity release may be needed to meet gas generators’ highly dynamic needs and ensure adequate levels of electricity reliability.87 Currently, some pipeline operators provide customized service options to meet specific generator needs88; however, the lack of standardization and illiquidity of flexible pipeline services may create inefficiencies and additional costs to procurement of pipeline capacity. 3. Implementation of natural gas pipeline expansion and local gas storage facilities. The growing use of gas for electricity has also created the need for more pipeline capacity. However, pipeline operators have historically relied on long-term (20-year) fixed supply contracts with gas purchasers to demonstrate project necessity to regulators and acquire the revenue certainty needed to finance the large investmentsw required for new pipelines.89 Natural gas electricity generators, who comprise a growing portion of pipeline demand but rely on highly dynamic regional electricity markets to determine when and at what price they will be dispatched, are unwilling to sign long-term fixed supply contracts.90 In turn, pipeline operators are unable to undertake the pipeline v For an in-depth discussion of operational and institutional challenges of integrating high levels of renewable energy, see Milligan, M.; Ela, E.; Hein, J.; Schneider, T.; Brinkman, G.; Denholm, P. (2012). Exploration of High- Penetration Renewable Electricity Futures. Vol. 4 of Renewable Electricity Futures Study. NREL/TP-6A20-52409- 4. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/re_futures/ w In areas operated by RTOs and ISOs. 24PDF Image | Opportunities Synergy Natural Gas and Renewable Energy
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