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development and could be placed closer to sale (e.g., a natural gas refueling station) to reduce LNG transportation costs. The direct utilization of natural gas in certain applications may provide opportunities for significant fuel cost savings and help reduce dependence on petroleum products. Similar to the experience of oil companies in the early 1900s, natural gas producers may have to venture into downstream retail markets to help develop nascent markets for their product. The potential build- out of natural gas refueling infrastructure, even if only along trucking corridors, will help encourage wider NGV adoption and encourage the diversification of fuel usage in the transportation sector. Also, bi-fuel vehicles, which can use either natural gas or gasoline, may serve as a transitional technology by affording consumers more range and refueling flexibility while providing significant fuel cost savings when natural gas is available. 4.4.2 Indirect Use 4.4.2.1 Conversion to Hydrogen Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of feedstocks, including natural gas. In a steam reforming process, natural gas and high temperature steam react to form a synthesis gas (also known as “syngas”) consisting of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; the carbon monoxide is then further reacted with steam to produce additional hydrogen. Life cycle emissions for steam reforming can be reduced if thermal inputs come from low carbon sourcesoo or if renewable natural gas is used as a feedstock. Estimates of well-to-wheels (WTW) emissions and petroleum usage for mid-size FCEVs, as well as gasoline and natural gas vehicles, are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Well-to-Wheels GHG Emissions and Petroleum Use for Various Vehicles and Fuels145 Vehicle/Fuel Source Natural Gas Vehicle (34 MPGe) FCEV – Natural Gas H2 FCEV – Biomass Gasification H2 WTW GHG Emissions [grams CO2- equivalent/mile] 270 200 37 Gasoline Vehicle (34 MPG) FCEV – Nuclear High Temperature or Low-carbon Electrolysis H2 340 42 The estimated emissions and petroleum savings of FCEVs using hydrogen from natural gas are significant when compared to gasoline vehicles. Natural gas can serve as an economical feedstock for hydrogen fuel and may be able to serve as a bridge to meet hydrogen demand as the economics of water electrolysis technology improve, allowing for further emissions reductions. 4.4.2.2 Electricity Generation Natural gas can be burned in a gas CT or CC facility to generate electricity. This electricity can then be sent across electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure, along with generation oo Concentrated solar power and advanced high temperature nuclear reactors are potential candidates to provide high-temperature steam and low-carbon electricity for both steam reforming and electrolysis production techniques. 36PDF Image | Opportunities Synergy Natural Gas and Renewable Energy
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