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from other sources, to be used in PEVs and PHEVs. Natural gas power is among the least expensive generation options, which helps to reduce fuel costs for electric vehicles. As mentioned in Part III, the highly dispatchable nature of natural gas generation allows for higher penetrations of renewable generation, which in the long term may help to lower the life cycle emissions of battery vehicles. Separately, natural gas electricity can be used to provide heat and electricity for hydrogen production via water electrolysis. 4.4.2.3 Gas-to-Liquids Conversion The gas-to-liquids (GTL) process is a chemical conversion process that transforms hydrocarbons such as natural gas or gasified coal into syngas, and thereafter into hydrocarbon liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel, naphtha, or jet fuel. The obvious advantage of this pathway is the ability to utilize the extensive, well-developed markets and distribution networks for petroleum products. GTL fuels are also essentially sulfur free and have much lower emissions of nitrogen, carbon monoxides, and particulate matter. Yet life cycle GHG emissions for petroleum products are estimated to be approximately 25% higher than conventional oil.146 GTL can be used to monetize inexpensive “stranded” gas resources that would otherwise not be able to be taken to market.147 No single break-even point for crude oil and/or gas prices exist to make a GTL project profitable; production costs vary significantly based on the location and capital cost of the plant, project financing, and gas and crude oil prices.148 High oil prices and low natural gas prices have shifted the outlook of this technology, and various commercial-scale projects are now underway.pp Yet uncertainty in oil and natural gas prices, as well as high upfront capital costs, make the technology a gamble that many companies may find too risky. 4.4.2.4 Conversion to Alcohols Technology also exists to convert natural gas into alternative fuels, such as ethanol, methanol, or butanol. These fuels can then be blended into petroleum products or used in alternative fuel vehicles. Today, butanol, methanol, and DME are most economically produced from natural gas, though they can also come from a variety of renewable feedstocks. Should any of these become a more common transportation fuel, natural gas may be able to serve as a bridge feedstock to further increase market penetration while renewable production techniques improve and gain economies of scale. 4.5 ConcludingRemarks This section examined several pathways by which natural gas and renewables can contribute individually and jointly in fueling the transportation needs of Americans. While the barriers to market penetration can be significant, there are both immediate opportunities and long-term prospects for significantly reducing emissions and petroleum use in the transportation sector. Over the past decade, the blending of biofuels with petroleum has been a key pathway to pp Very few GTL facilities exist today. Royal Dutch Shell operates facilities in Qatar and Malaysia. The South African company Sasol operates a single facility in Qatar, with plans to build facilities in Uzbekistan, Canada, the United States Gulf Coast, and Nigeria (“Pearl GTL – An Overview.” Royal Dutch Shell. Accessed August 30, 2012: http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/our_strategy/major_projects_2/pearl/overview/; “GTL Projects.” Sasol Corporation. Accessed August 30, 2012: http://www.sasol.com/sasol_internet/frontend/navigation.jsp?navid=21300011&rootid=2). 37PDF Image | Opportunities Synergy Natural Gas and Renewable Energy
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