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accomplishing this goal. Future pathways may reflect broader diversification through the use of natural gas (both directly and indirectly); sustainably derived, next generation bio-based fuels; and electric vehicles. The market entry points and value propositions for existing and future alternative fuel options are all unique and may vary regionally based on localized mobility needs and existing available infrastructure. Generally, more research and analysis is needed to understand the impacts and implications of these petroleum alternatives. Multiple technology solutions may meet the evolving, complex energy needs of the U.S. transportation sector. As emerging technologies and fuels evolve, a prudent risk-adjusted strategy can facilitate technological breakthroughs and allow the development of a diverse and mature array of transportation energy solutions. Collaboration towards a set of messages that support diversification and optimal use of U.S. resources may offer new opportunities to address the environmental, energy security, and economic challenges faced today and in the future. Petroleum is the only transportation fuel in the United States that has a fully developed retail refueling infrastructure; all other fuels’ infrastructures suffer from some inadequacy. Many also face technological hurdles to commercialization. Natural gas is linked to many of these pathways as a primary energy source or key input; its current abundance could help accelerate timeframes of certain technologies. In the immediate future, natural gas will continue to serve as a key input to corn and ethanol production and help to provide low-cost electricity to fuel battery electric vehicles. Electric vehicles have had limited market penetration thus far, but economies of scale, decreasing battery costs, and improved technology may help to change this. Also, the price spread between natural gas and petroleum presents unique opportunities for each vehicle class to use natural gas fuels. While refueling infrastructure is limited for NGVs, multiple companies have expressed intent to construct either public for-profit refueling stations or private stations for company fleets. In-home refueling, CNG–gasoline vehicles, and modular liquefaction facilities may help to encourage consumer adoption as well. In the longer term, natural gas can also serve as a conduit to a broader hydrogen future. Should more natural gas refueling infrastructure be constructed, many of technical and logistical lessons of this undertaking may be transferrable to a hydrogen economy. Additionally, natural gas currently serves as the most economic feedstock for hydrogen production; it can provide low-cost hydrogen fuel and encourage investment in infrastructure that will one day allow renewably sourced hydrogen to play a larger role. There are clearly opportunities in the near term where private parties may be able to accrue substantial cost savings by using natural gas as vehicle fuel. Stakeholders looking to facilitate higher NGV deployment may be able to look abroad for guidance on this undertaking. In extended timeframes, there is another set of opportunities that will require larger, longer-term investments and potentially public policy/funding to move forward. For these investments, supply estimates, as well as price impacts from demand in other sectors, become factors worthy of strong consideration. Ongoing research may help elucidate answers to questions related to the evolution of the U.S. transportation sector: • How large a role can natural gas have in a robust U.S. transportation sector, particularly given competing demands throughout the U.S. economy? What technology pathways are most promising? 38PDF Image | Opportunities Synergy Natural Gas and Renewable Energy
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