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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 91 (2018) 126–151 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser A review of the use of organic Rankine cycle power systems for maritime applications M.E. Mondejara,⁎, J.G. Andreasena, L. Pierobona, U. Larsenc, M. Thernb, F. Haglinda a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 403, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark b Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden c Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden T ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Organic Rankine cycle Ship Marine Diesel Review Waste heat recovery 1. Introduction Shipping is the primary means of transport worldwide. About 90% of the world trade is carried by sea [1]. The volume of seaborne trading is progressively growing, following the increment of the world popu- lation and economy. Besides its cost effectiveness, shipping is at present the most environmentally friendly and carbon efficient mode of trans- port, as it presents the lowest CO2 emissions per metric ton of freight and per km of transportation [2]. Considering a medium-size cargo vessel, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per kilometer to transport one tonne of goods are two times lower compared to a heavy-duty truck with trailer and twenty times lower compared to a cargo aircraft [1]. However, shipping is still responsible for an estimated 2.4% of the total global CO2 emissions [3]. The shares of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) are about 15% and 13%, respectively, of the global emissions from anthropogenic sources [4]. More than 90% of large operating vessels use diesel engines fueled ABSTRACT Diesel engines are by far the most common means of propulsion aboard ships. It is estimated that around half of their fuel energy consumption is dissipated as low-grade heat. The organic Rankine cycle technology is a well- established solution for the energy conversion of thermal power from biomass combustion, geothermal re- servoirs, and waste heat from industrial processes. However, its economic feasibility has not yet been demon- strated for marine applications. This paper aims at evaluating the potential of using organic Rankine cycle systems for waste heat recovery aboard ships. The suitable vessels and engine heat sources are identified by estimating the total recoverable energy. Different cycle architectures, working fluids, components, and control strategies are analyzed. The economic feasibility and integration on board are also evaluated. A number of research and development areas are identified in order to tackle the challenges limiting a widespread use of this technology in currently operating vessels and new-buildings. The results indicate that organic Rankine cycle units recovering heat from the exhaust gases of engines using low-sulfur fuels could yield fuel savings between 10% and 15%. by heavy fuel oil (HFO) as prime movers [5]. A significant potential to abate fuel consumption and pollutants still exists, considering that around 50% of the fuel energy content is dissipated as waste heat at various temperature levels. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently enacted regulations to force the shipping industry to reduce emissions. Moreover, these regulations require the use of several performance indicators, such as the energy efficiency design index (EEDI), in order to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of new ships. The most common approaches to reduce the fuel consumption in 2014 were slow steaming, optimization of the voyage, and cleaning of the hub and propeller [6]. The major criteria leading to a decision on which measure to adopt are the payback period, vessel age, and in- vestment cost [6]. A complementary solution is the use of a waste heat recovery system (WHRS), i.e., a unit capable of converting the thermal energy discharged by the diesel engine into (electric or mechanical) power. The use of the steam Rankine cycle (SRC) technology for waste Abbreviations: AIS, automatic identification system; CFC, chlorofluorocarbons; DME, dimethyl ether; DWT, deadweight tonnage; ECA, emission control area; EEDI, energy efficiency design index; EGR, exhaust gas recirculation; EU, European Union; GEN, generator; GWP, global warming potential; HCFC, hydrochlorofluorocarbons; HFO, heavy fuel oil, or hydro- fluoroolefins; HEX, heat exchanger; IMO, International Maritime Organization; ISO, International Organization for Standardization; KC, Kalina cycle; LNG, liquefied natural gas; MCR, maximum continuous rating; MDO, marine diesel oil; MGO, marine gas oil; MM, hexamethyldisiloxane; NOx, nitrogen oxides; NPV, net present value; ODP, ozone depletion potential; ORC, organic Rankine cycle; PT, power turbine; R&D, research and development; SMCR, specified maximum continuous rating; SOLAS, safety of life at sea; SOx, sulfur oxides; SP, Technical Research Institute of Sweden; SRC, steam Rankine cycle; TEU, twenty foot equivalent unit; TUR, turbine; WHR, waste heat recovery; WHRS, waste heat recovery system ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: maemmo@mek.dtu.dk (M.E. Mondejar). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.074 Received 20 April 2017; Received in revised form 23 March 2018; Accepted 24 March 2018 1364-0321/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.PDF Image | organic Rankine cycle power systems for maritime applications
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