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Chapter 3: Experimental setups Q ̇exp,amb heat transfer between the expander and the environment inside the calorimeter box , W Calibration of the calorimeter box consisted in developing a given heating power inside the box and measuring the temperature difference between the inside and outside environments. The calibration of the calorimeter box allowed for the determination of the heat transfer coefficient between the box and the outside environment. The identified value was 3.2 W/K. This value will be further used during the tests to estimate the ambient heat losses. 4.2 Measurement devices Temperatures were measured by T-type thermocouples. The reference temperature was given by a mixture of ice and water. Pocket-mounted thermocouples were used to measure the gas temperatures and contact thermocouples to measure the surface temperatures. The expander supply pressure was measured by means of an absolute pressure transducer. The expander exhaust pressure was determined by measuring the pressure difference over the expander with a differential pressure transducer. A Coriolis mass flow meter was used to measure the mass flow rate through the expander. Measuring ranges and accuracy of the different sensors are provided in Table 9. Temperature Pressures Flow rates Power Measured variable Range Uncertainty M ̇ V ̇ oil W ̇ exp -200 - -200 - -200 - 0-25 bar 0-20 bar 0.25-13 1.25 0-3 kW Tr,su,exp Tr,ex,exp Tsurf,exp Pr,su,exp ΔPr,exp +300°C +300°C +300°C 0.5 K 0.5 K 0.5 K 0.125 bar 0.1 bar kg/min l/min ±1% ±0.05 15 W l/min Table 9: Measuring ranges and accuracy 4.3 Overall measured performance In total, a series of 27 performance points were achieved. Several independent variables were available for the control of the system during the experimental campaign: the expander supply and exhaust pressures, the supply temperature and the quantity of circulating oil. Dependent variables resulted from the choice of the independent variables. These variables were the fluid mass flow rate, the electrical power produced by the expander and the exhaust temperature. Minimum and maximum values of all these variables are given in Table 10. To check the accuracy of the measurements, the following heat balance is performed in steady-state on the expander: residue=M ̇meas⋅(hsu−hex)+M ̇oil⋅coil⋅(Toil,su−Tex)−Q ̇exp,amb−W ̇ el,meas (13) 21PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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