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Chapter 4: Modeling Kane, (2002) is selected, but the model parameters are calibrated with the experimental data, and the final model is validated with the measurements. The first part of this chapter presents steady-state thermodynamic models the ORC system presented in chapter 3.2. This global cycle model is built by interconnecting the sub-models of the different components: the heat exchangers, the pump and the expander. Each model is validated experimentally. Finally, these validated models are used to investigate, through simulations, the performance of the system and to point out some achievable improvements. The second part of the chapter presents a dynamic model of the ORC. This kind of model is necessary when transient phenomena such as start or shutting down, dynamic control or variable heat sources are studied. The proposed dynamic model focuses on the heat exchangers, the dynamics of the other components being of minor importance because of lower time constants. 2 Steady-state modeling This section describes the steady-state models of the different components under investigation. The modeling approach consists in developing semi- empirical models, instead of deterministic models. Semi-empirical models involve a limited number of physically meaningful parameters that can easily be identified from performance measurements, while deterministic models require an exact knowledge of the geometry of all the components. Semi- empirical models are usually numerically more robust than deterministic models and allow a sharp decrease of the computational expenses. They are therefore more appropriate to be interconnected for the simulation model of a larger system. All the models proposed in this section are developed in the EES environment (Klein, 2011). 2.1 Models Open-drive scroll expander In this model, initially proposed by (V. Lemort et al., 2009), the evolution of the refrigerant through the expander is decomposed into the following thermodynamic processes (as shown in Figure 31): 1. Supply pressure drop (su→ su,1) 2. Supply cooling-down (su,1 → su,2) 3. Isentropic expansion to the internal pressure imposed by the built-in volume ratio of the expander (su,2 → in) 4. Expansion at a fixed volume to the exhaust pressure (in → ex,2) 5. Mixing between suction flow and leakage flow (ex,2 → ex,1) 6. Exhaust cooling-down or heating-up (ex,1 → ex) 2PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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