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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization recovered is higher and the output power is increased (11.8 KW instead of 6.6 KW). As a consequence, there exists an optimum evaporating temperature, resulting of a tradeoff between cycle efficiency and heat recovery efficiency. This optimum evaporating temperature is generally much lower than the heat source temperature. Comparison of cases A,B with cases C, D indicates that the recuperator increases the cycle efficiency, but has almost no impact on the output power. This is explained by the higher working fluid temperature at the inlet of the evaporator, which reduces the amount of heat recovered. In summary, in heat recovery applications, the output power, and not the efficiency should be maximized; the evaporating temperature should be much lower than the heat source temperature, and a recuperator is not necessary (Case B in Figure 64). Constant-temperature heat source In this section, "constant-temperature heat source" refers to a high thermal energy source, such as solar radiative energy or the chemical energy of biomass (combustion). In this case, there is no constraint on the heat source cooling down: there is no need to decrease the temperature of the heat stream in the evaporator, since the total energy content of the heat source flows "through" the ORC cycle. Therefore, optimizing the output power is equivalent to optimizing the cycle efficiency, which can be achieved by selecting a high evaporating temperature, and by installing a recuperator (Case C in Figure 64). However, the conversion efficiency of the heat source itself can be affected by the temperatures in the evaporator. Depending on the nature of this heat source, an optimal temperature might exist. A solar ORC system is a typical example of such optimum: increasing the temperature leads to higher collector ambient heat losses, but also to a higher conversion efficiency. The choice of the optimum temperature in the collectors/evaporator therefore results of a tradeoff between collector and cycle efficiency. Degrees of freedom As stated in the previous section, the condensing temperature is imposed by the heat sink, and the subcooling is imposed by the charge of working fluid or by the liquid receiver. These two parameters can hardly be controlled since the charge is generally not modified in operation and the heat sink conditions are usually imposed by the ambient conditions. The evaporating temperature and the superheating are controlled by the pump and by the expander: for a given heat source, by imposing a certain pump speed and an inlet volume flow rate on the expander, it is possible to determine both the evaporating temperature and the superheating. In other words, if one of the parameters cannot be controlled (e.g. the turbine inlet 7PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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