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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization volume flow rate), one cycle working condition (e.g. the superheating) will be floating. The pump speed is the most commonly controlled parameter in an ORC. The control of the turbine inlet volume flow rate, when present, is defined either by the guiding vane position or by the volumetric expander speed. 3 Working fluid selection: The screening approach The screening method is by far the most used method for fluid selection in the scientific literature: it consists in building a steady-state simulation model of the ORC cycle and run it with different working fluids. The proposed model can be more or less detailed, and the selected cycle performance indicators can vary from one publication to another. Table 14 summarizes the scientific literature in the field of working fluid selection for ORC systems: to compare the different papers, three characteristics are taken into account: the target application, the considered condensing temperature and the considered evaporating temperature range. The papers comparing the working fluid performance as a function of the turbine inlet pressure (for example (Hung, 2001)) and not the temperature are excluded since the main limitation in the ORC technology is the heat source temperature and not the high pressure. Table 14 shows that, despite the multiplicity of the working fluid studies, no single fluid has been identified as optimal for the ORC. This is due to the different hypotheses required to perform the fluid comparison: ➢ Some authors consider the environmental impact (ODP, GWP), the flammability, the toxicity of the working fluid, while some others don’t. ➢ Different working conditions (e.g. the considered temperature ranges) have been assumed, leading to different optimal working fluids. ➢ The objective functions of the optimization might vary depending on the target application: in CHP or solar application the cycle efficiency is usually maximized, while in WHR applications, the output power should be maximized. It follows that, since no working fluid can be flagged as optimal, the study of the working fluid candidates should be integrated into the design process of any ORC system. In many studies ((Badr et al., 1990); (W. Gu et al., 2009); (Hung, 2001); (V. Maizza & Maizza, 2001); (Drescher & Brüggemann, 2007); (V. Lemort et al., 2007); (Mago et al., 2008); (Façao et al., 2008); (Desai & Bandyopadhyay, 2009); (Aljundi, 2011) (Vaja & Gambarotta, 2010); (E. H. Wang et al., 2011); (Roy et al., 2011)) , it appears that the recommended fluid is the one with the highest critical temperature, i.e. the plant efficiency could be further improved by selecting even higher critical point working fluids (B.-T. Liu et al., 2004). However, a high critical temperature also involves working at specific vapor 8PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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