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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization 4.3 Operating maps The limitations described in the previous sections can be used to build a map of the allowable working conditions in a Tev/Tcd diagram. Figure 65 and Figure 66 show the envelope mapping of the scroll and screw technologies respectively for a few typical ORC working fluids. Five typical ORC applications have been overlaid on the operating maps in the form of dots. They illustrate how the map can be exploited: if a single-stage scroll expander can be used for a low-temperature geothermal application (90/20°C) or even for a low temperature solar application (120°C/30°C), it is not suitable for applications working with higher evaporating temperatures, such low or higher temperature waste heat recovery, or biomass CHP. It can be noted that the maps of the screw expander are wider than that of the scroll expander. This is due to a higher maximum volume ratio. The upper left curve of each map is defined by the limitation on the under- expansion losses. The down right curve is defined by the limitation on the volume coefficient, and the upper line is given by the critical temperature of the fluid. Figure 65 and Figure 66 also show that both volumetric expander types are not adapted to the three higher temperature applications because of a too high volume ratio. The obvious solution in this case would be to assemble several expanders in series. Figure 65: Scroll expander operating map (the top left-hand corner corresponds to a too high expansion ratio, while the down right- hand corner corresponds to a too high volume flow rate) 15PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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