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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization focuses on subcritical ORCs. The left curve is the limitation on the maximum Mach number at point 2 for Toluene, OMTS and HFE7000 but corresponds to the minimum specific speed for HFC-134a, HFC-245fa, and HCFC-123 and n- pentane. For all fluids except n-pentane, the maximum Mach number at point 3 was reached before reaching the maximum tip speed U2. This situation usually occurs with high molecular weight fluids, while the maximum tip speed is usually reached before the maximum Mach number when using air or steam. In the case of pentane, the minimum specific speed curve is split into a lower part (below 150°C) corresponding to M3=0.85 and higher part corresponding to U2=370 m/s. It can be stated that the capabilities of the radial inflow turbine are broader than that of the volumetric expander, since only one of the typical applications is outside the defined maps. For those special conditions corresponding to very high volume ratios, a multi-stage axial turbine technology should be selected. Each expansion machine technology is adapted to a specific power range. The maximum and minimum volume flow rates as well as the maximum turbine speed can be used to define a power range for each application. This involves selecting a fluid for each one of these applications. Taking into account the previous analysis, the following association is selected: HFC-134a for the geothermal cycle, HFC-245fa for the low temperature solar application and HCFC-123 for the low temperature WHR cycle. Figure 68 shows the obtained power range for the low temperature application and each expander technology. It is obvious that the scroll technology is the one allowing the lowest output power (a few hundred watts), while the radial inflow is the technology with the highest output power. Figure 68: Allowed power range for the low temperature applications and each type of expansion machine 17PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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