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Chapter 5: Fluid selection and cycle optimization with an overall efficiency of 5.22%, corresponding to a higher specific cost of 2448 €/kW. The following statements can be formulated: ➢ When optimizing the thermodynamic performance of a WHR ORC, an optimum evaporating temperature exists that maximizes the output power (or the overall efficiency). The optimal evaporating temperature is usually far below the heat source temperature. ➢ The thermoeconomic optimization leads to the selection of a higher evaporating temperature, because it increases the high-pressure vapor density and decreases the cost of the expander and of the evaporator. ➢ For the particular working conditions selected for the work, both optimizations lead to the selection of n-butane as optimal fluid. However, the “second-best fluid” differs for both optimization, as well as the next ones. Therefore, if the thermodynamic optimization can give a good idea of the best fluids, it won’t necessarily lead to the selection of the optimal working fluid in terms of economical profitability. It should be noted that the present work mainly describes a methodology, rather than an accurate economic study for small-scale WHR ORCs: the cost taken into account correspond to the retail price for Belgium, but a large-scale commercialization of such systems could dramatically reduce those costs. On the other hand, some costs were not taken into account, such as the cost of the HTF heating system, because it depends on the target application. 6 Conclusions This chapter showed how the working conditions of ORC systems can be optimized in different cases. The optimization of the main degree of freedom (the evaporating temperature) was detailed for different applications types. Despite the large amount of working fluid studies for ORC applications, their conclusions do not lead to one single optimal fluid for a given temperature level and a given application. This is mainly due to the diversity of the selected objective functions when screening working fluids. Three approaches for fluid selection have been discussed in this chapter: ➢ Screening of working fluids is by far the most common approach in the scientific literature. A thermodynamic model is built and the working fluid performances are compared in terms of first-law efficiency, output power or generated irreversibilities. The main issue linked to this approach is the objective function, which does not take into account additional fluid properties influencing the practical design of the cycle. This can lead to recommendation of unrealistic working fluids, such as toluene or benzene for a very low temperature heat source. ➢ The operating map approach focuses on the interaction between expansion machine and working fluid. It provides operating maps of acceptable conditions, i.e. leading to acceptable efficiencies and 27PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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