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Chapter 6: Case studies passage area, which in turn reduces the required area. Figure 83 also shows that a modification of the evaporating temperature has a very limited effect on the required recuperator area. Although those calculations were performed for HFC-245fa, a similar behavior is stated for alternative working fluids. Working fluid and architecture comparison To compare a reasonable amount of working fluids, a pre-screening is performed. Four fluids are selected for the comparison: HFC-134a, HFC-245fa, Solkatherm (SES36) and n-Pentane. One of the main influences of the working fluid on the cycle architecture lies in the specific volume ratio: generally speaking, the higher the critical temperature, the higher the specific volume ratio over the expander. The scroll expanders considered in this work are designed for a volume ratio close to 3. As discussed above, when used at much higher specific volume ratios, their effectiveness is reduced. Figure 84 shows that the specific volume ratio remains acceptable for single stage expansion only for HFC-134a and HFC- 245fa (at low evaporating temperature). In the simulations, HFC-134a is therefore used with single-stage expansion architecture. Solkatherm and n- pentane are simulated with a double-stage expansion. HFC-245fa is simulated with both architectures. Figure 85 shows the overall efficiency of the system with the four different fluids. A maximum appears in terms of evaporating temperature when the single-stage architecture is selected. This is explained by the very high under- expansion losses, which reduce the expander effectiveness at high evaporating temperature. On the contrary, when using a two-stage expansion, the efficiency is limited by the critical temperature or by unrealistic working conditions such as very high specific volume ratios. Solkatherm is the highest-efficiency fluid, with a maximum close to 8%. It should however be noted that refrigeration compressors are not designed for temperatures higher than 150°C, which might reduce their lifetime. If this Figure 84: Specific volume ratio vs. evaporation temperature. 14PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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