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Chapter 6: Case studies 2 Transient Waste Heat Recovery Organic Rankine Cycle 2.1 Introduction The potential for exploiting waste heat sources from engine exhaust gases or industrial processes is particularly promising (J. Wang, Dai, et al., 2009), but these can vary in terms of flow rate and temperature over time, which complicates the regulation of waste heat recovery (WHR) devices. This section describes a small scale ORC used to recover energy from a variable flow rate and temperature waste heat source. A traditional static model is unable to predict transient behavior in a cycle with a varying thermal source, whereas this capability is essential for simulating an appropriate cycle control strategy during part-load operation and start and stop procedures. A dynamic model of an ORC using volumetric expander is therefore proposed, focusing specifically on the time-varying performance of the heat exchangers, the dynamics of the other components being of minor importance. This model is then used to optimize the working conditions and to address the issue of the control strategy for variable waste heat sources. 2.2 System description and methodology Figure 88 shows the conceptual scheme of the considered system. Even though the goal of this section is not to describe a system in particular, but to propose a methodology for optimizing and controlling waste heat recovery ORCs, the parameters selected for the models proposed in the next section correspond to realistic components, typical of small-scale ORCs: The expander is the oil-free scroll expander, described in Chapter 3, the heat exchanger parameters are typical of plate heat exchangers. The pump is a volumetric pump (e.g. a diaphragm pump), whose speed is controlled by means of an inverter. The expander speed is also controlled by an inverter and varies within a reasonable range specified by the manufacturer. The selected working fluid is HFC-245fa. As aforementioned, fluid selection is an important and preliminary issue in ORC design. However, this selection was already discussed in Chapter 5 and is out of the scope of this section. It is therefore assumed that the study of the optimal working fluid was previously carried out. The present work focuses on ORCs operating with variable heat sources. A generic variable heat source is thus defined and will be used to validate and to compare different control strategies. This heat source is considered to be hot water under pressure with variable temperature and flow rate, and is described in Figure 87. This heat source could typically correspond to the profile of an internal combustion engine exhaust gases, via an intermediary heat transfer fluid loop. 18PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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