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Chapter 6: Case studies evaporating temperature is optimized numerically for given working conditions. To achieve the optimal working conditions, two degrees of freedom are available, i.e. the pump speed and the expander speed. It should be noted that the action of these two parameters have very different time constants. A modification of the pump flow rate alters the working conditions of the evaporator and therefore induces a change in the evaporating temperature and/or in the amount of superheating, but with a delay due to the thermal and fluid dynamics of the heat exchanger. In contrast, a modification of the expander speed induces an almost immediate change in the evaporating pressure: the volumetric flow rate absorbed by the device is modified, while the mass flow rate is kept constant; the two flow rates are reconciled through a change in fluid density, mediated via a shift in vapor pressure. This is confirmed by two simulations whose results are provided in Figure 89: in the first simulation, the ORC model presented in Figure 88 is submitted to a step on the pump flow rate (from 0.55 to 0.44 kg/s) at t=100s. In the second one, the expander speed is submitted to a step (from 3000 to 3600 rpm). Figure 89 shows that the system submitted to an expander step reaches a steady state after 30 seconds. The system under a pump step undergoes major variations during the first 30-40 seconds and then secondary effects appear: the modification of the pump flow rates entails a modification of the temperature, which in turns affects the pressure, etc. This system reaches the steady state after a much longer time period of about 120 seconds. The evaporating temperature being a more critical working condition than the superheating, it is decided to control the evaporating temperature with the expander speed and the superheating with the pump flow rate. PI controllers are used to maintain the desired working conditions. The choice of PI controllers over PID controllers is justified by their satisfactory behavior in Figure 89: Response of the evaporator exhaust temperature and pressure to a step on the pump speed and on the expander speed 23PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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