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Chapter 7: Conclusions The design of a small-scale ORC system often relies on an optimization process, including a series of tradeoffs regarding the selection of the working fluid, the optimal working conditions or the cycle configuration. This is a non- negligible difference with traditional steam power plants, where the boundaries often result of practical limitations of the materials. The number of degrees of freedom is also higher, among others because of the variety of available working fluids. This work proposes a step-by-step, multifactorial approach to the design, the modeling, and the optimization of small-capacity low temperature ORC power systems. As a first step, different prototypes have been developed (an ORC test bench and two scroll expander prototypes). They allowed gaining the necessary experience for the practical operation of such a cycle and pointed out the main issues arising when designing this kind of systems. Reached performance is higher than the one reported in the scientific literature regarding small-scale ORC systems and scroll expanders. Both the open-drive and the hermetic scroll expanders were tested with a maximum mechanical isentropic effectiveness higher than 71%. However this effectiveness is an electrical effectiveness for the hermetic machine, i.e. including the generator losses. It can be concluded that the hermetic scroll expander is more efficient, mainly because of reduced internal leakage and supply pressure drop. It is also more cost-effective because of its generalized use in HVAC systems. On the contrary, the open-drive machine shows the advantage of not requiring oil in the ORC loop. The main drawback is the necessity to develop a casing to avoid leakages. A complete model of an ORC cycle has then been developed and validated component by component. This model is suitable for small-scale ORC systems using volumetric expanders. To our knowledge, this work is the first in the scientific literature to propose an entire set of experimental results and the corresponding validated model. A maximum error of 10% was stated between predicted and measured values. The range of validity of the model corresponds to the range of variation of the operating conditions during the experimental campaign. However, the model being based on physically meaningful parameters, the predicted trends outside of the validity range can be trusted with a certain amount of confidence. 1PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery and Solar Uses
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