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7. Component Size and Optimization In previous analyses, the S-CO2 cycle components such as heat exchangers and turbomachinery were designed to achieve reasonable performance at a reasonable cost (size). The exact meaning of what “reasonable” performance or cost means is not clearly defined; the components size selection has been carried out according to engineering judgment based on a tradeoff between the component size/performance and the benefits to the cycle performance. No detailed cost analysis for the entire cycle has yet been developed and applied to the size selection for each component. Figure 19 shows how the size of the heat exchangers for the ABTR [8] has been selected. The size of each heat exchanger was selected at the point beyond which a return for the cycle efficiency starts to diminish with further increase in component size. Still, as it follows from Figure 19, there is a clear potential to increase the cycle efficiency beyond the reference value by selecting the heat exchangers to be larger that those assumed for the reference case. Figure 20 demonstrates a similar dependency of the ABTR cycle efficiency on the number of turbine stages. Similar to the heat exchangers, some gain in the cycle performance could be realized with a larger than reference turbine. To determine the potential gain in cycle efficiency from component size increase, the S- CO2 cycle performance has been calculated with larger components to compare to the reference case. First, to investigate how much efficiency is lost due to heat exchanger non-ideal performance, the cycle performance is calculated assuming “ideal” heat exchangers, i.e. heat exchangers with infinite heat transfer area and zero pressure drops. To model the “ideal” heat exchangers, the cross-sectional area (volume) of each heat exchanger is simply increased ten times. Figure 21 demonstrates that about a 3 % efficiency gain can theoretically be realized with larger heat exchangers. In addition to that, doubling the number of stages for the turbine (Figure 22) can add another 0.7 % efficiency resulting in total efficiency gain of up to 4 % from larger components. (An attempt to increase the cycle efficiency by implementing more compressor stages has not been carried out here since the previous analysis [8] demonstrates that the compressor operating near the critical point has a narrower design parameter selection range than the turbine such that an increase in number of stages is not always beneficial for its performance and for the performance of the cycle.) Even though the above numbers are calculated for an unrealistic ten-time increase in heat exchanger volume and, therefore, are not practical, they still show that there is a potential to increase the cycle efficiency beyond the reference case value. For example, calculations with twice the heat exchanger volume show that the cycle efficiency can be increased by about 1.5 %. Figure 23 shows how the performance of the condensation cycle (Figure 16) can be increased by about 2 % by implementing heat exchangers and a turbine which are twice the size of the original (reference) case. The calculated efficiency, about 45 %, is the highest efficiency calculated so far for the CO2 cycle for the assumed SFR temperature range. 36PDF Image | Performance Improvement Options for the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle
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