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8 International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology Vol.2, No.1, MARCH 2008 orifice oscillating diaphragm Fig. 29. Synthetic jets MEMS. C. Summary on flow control devices Flow control is a very difficult challenge. Indeed, the flow configuration around a body is generally not in a steady state, then, the action need in one configuration may be totally undesirable under other configuration. Thus a predetermined device which in any case makes the same action is often not very interesting. Even, from an aerodynamic point of view, the exact process needed in the boundary layer is often not obvious. However, in aeronautics, two major processes are often needed: to reduce the drag and to avoid the boundary layer separation. But, then the problem is to know exactly what to do to be able to solve such purpose. We have above seen the different conventional techniques and devices to make airflow control in aeronautics, we are now going to examine the different plasma actuators which have been performed for this purpose. IV. PLASMA ACTUATORS After a brief historical summary of electric wind devices, this paragraph will present the different so- called "plasma actuators". The purpose of this overview is not to analyze and compare the efficiency of the different plasma actuators, this has already been made by Moreau in a very exhaustive review [12], the goal here is to describe carefully how the different actuators were made, how they were working, what kind of electric power supply they used, what was the purpose of this special design and operating mode and finally to make a brief comment on the experimental results obtained. A. Genesisofnonthermalplasmaactuators. It is known for a long time that a metallic point submitted to a high electrical potential generates a wind (figure 30 and figure 31). Fig. 30. The candle experiment. Fig. 31. The turnstile experiment. The reason is now rather well understood. Near the tip of the point a corona discharge appears, thus ions are created and moved by the electric field. These ions in motion drift the air molecules creating an electric wind (figure 32). This is the basic process of non thermal plasma actuators. ions corona electric wind + HV Supply Fig. 32. Electric wind generated at a needle tip. In the case of actuators to be used in aerodynamic applications, the process is a little more complicated as the actuator must be mounted on the body submitted to the flow and therefore the material of the body induces perturbations as well on the plasma but also on the "electric wind" created, more they need a counter electrode. Nevertheless, the fact that such device has no moving part constitutes a real advantage for use in aeronautic industry. Plasma actuators may be classified by their geometrical configuration and the kind of high voltage applied. In this paper we are going to examine first the actuators not using a dielectric barrier, then those using a dielectric barrier. B. Plasmaactuatorswithoutdielectricbarrier 1) Setofwiresplacedaboveaflatplate Velkoff and al in 1968 [13] studied the effect of a corona discharge on the position of the transition in the boundary layer on a flat plate. The flat plate (183 cm long and 91 cm wide) was placed in a wind tunnel whose turbulence intensity was below 0.5%. and the velocity around 53 m/s. The leading edge of the plate was a sharp 15° bevel. They placed above the flat plate four wirePDF Image | Plasma actuators for aeronautics applications
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