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Touchard 9 electrodes parallel to the plate 14 mm above the plate and perpendicularly to the flow (figure 33). The four wire electrodes were 0.2 mm in diameter and 15 mm spaced one to the other. This set of electrodes were placed 32.4 cm from the leading edge in the region where the transition laminar to turbulent appeared without applied voltage. Indeed, without wires or even with wires but not connected to the high voltage, the transition occurred at 38.7 cm from the leading edge, while the fourth wire is located 36.9 cm from the leading edge. The four wires were connected to the same high voltage supply. The voltage source had a constant 10 kV component plus an alternative 2 kV component with an adjustable frequency. When the voltage was applied to the wires, electric wind is generated by each wire and the transition was shifted 46 mm downstream (43.3 cm from the leading edge). This phenomenon was independent of the frequency (the same from pure DC to 6 kHz). up to about 5 m/s and turbulent for velocities over 10 m/s. The drag on the entire frame was measured with a drag balance. When the high voltage was turned on some wires of the brush material and the counter electrode glowed visibly in a darkened room. It seemed that only 10 % of the wires of the brush material were glowing, which suggested to the authors that the distance between two successive wires could have been 3 mm instead of 1 mm. Measurements obtained shown a rather large drag reduction for velocity less than 10 m/s but much smaller for turbulent flows (velocity over 10 m/s). H.V. H.V. Fig. 33. Experimental setup performed by Velkoff and Ketcham. 2) Flatplatefilledwithpointingwires In their experiments, Malik and al [14] used wire brush material (which came in 4 cm wide strip) to perform a flat plate containing metallic needles to produce electrical discharges (figure 34). The wires (0.3 mm in diameter and 6 mm long) were swept back about 30° and the distance between two successive wires was 1 mm. The wire brush material was filled with epoxy resin up to around 0.3 mm from the tip of the wire. The wire was then etched in order to get wire tips of 0.1 mm in diameter. All the wires were electrically connected together by coating the back of the material with conducting paint. The active part of the plate (46 cm long and 19 cm wide) was made with 10 sections of wire brush material bonded together. This active part was mounted in a 61 cm × 23 cm support frame. Due to the wires standing a little out the plate the drag on such plate differed of about 5 to 10 % from the drag on a smooth plate, but the comparison between with and without discharge was made on the same "rough" plate. The counter electrode consisted of 0.1 mm in diameter wires mounted 4 cm above the model in a zig-zag fashion. A DC high voltage was applied between the wire brush material and the counter electrode. Both configurations positive or negative counter electrode were tested. Voltages of up to 20 kV giving currents up to 5 mA were used. The swept points of the wires brush material were tested pointing as well upstream and downstream. The stream velocity in the wind tunnel could vary up to 30 m/s. The boundary layer on the test model was laminar Fig. 34. Experimental setup performed by M.R. Malik and al. 3) Two razor blade electrodes flush mounted against both sides of a flat plate G.M. Colver and al made one of the first extensive researches on applications of non thermal plasma in air flow control [15-18]. The setup of the experiment is presented in figure 35. It is composed of two blade electrodes flush mounted on the two opposite sides of a flat plate. The plate is placed in a wind tunnel and the drag on the plate is measured without and with a potential difference applied between the two electrodes. H.V. Fig. 35. Experimental setup performed by G.M. Colver and al. DC and AC voltage differences have been tested. The influence of the voltage difference magnitude and the polarity (in the case of DC voltage) on the drag was analyzed. These experiments were made for relatively low Reynolds number partly for laminar flow. The discharges seemed to be more homogenous in case of AC voltage than for DC, more, they were more homogenousPDF Image | Plasma actuators for aeronautics applications
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