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10 International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology Vol.2, No.1, MARCH 2008 H.V. for positive DC than for negative. They observed a drag reduction up to 73% for a 10 kV AC voltage of 60 Hz frequency. A model has been then proposed [19] for low Reynolds number taking into account the forces due to the electric wind generated between one electrode to the other. The experiments were consistent with the model proposed. 4) Pointing needle and metallic sheet electrode flush mounted against a cylinder In 1996 C. Noger made experiments on the boundary layer perturbations around a cylinder due to corona discharge [20, 21]. A scope of the cylinder and the actuator is presented in figure 36 and figure 37. It is composed of a PMMA cylinder placed in a uniform flow of a small wind tunnel. The upstream side of the cylinder is coated with a metallic electrode grounded, while a needle 6 mm long is placed on the upstream side of the cylinder parallel to the flow and to the cylinder diameter. The high voltage was applied to the needle. Fig. 38. Experimental setup performed by G. Touchard. 6) Wire and metallic sheet electrode both flush mounted against a cylinder Artana and al made experiments on cylinders also [23, 24]. In these experiments they used a larger wind tunnel and several cylinder diameters. The corona discharge was provided between a thin wire stuck on a cylinder generating line and an aluminum foil stuck on the opposite side of the cylinder. The wire was placed upstream at the stagnation point while the aluminum foil was placed downstream (figure 39 and figure 40). One electrode was connected to a positive DC high voltage supply (0 - 30 kV) while the other was connected to a negative one (0 – 8 kV). Experiments were made for a Reynolds number Re = 725 for which the so called Karmans vortex street was clearly apparent for the voltage off, while it was totally destroy when - 8 kV were applied on the aluminum foil and +25 kV were applied to the wire. These experiments and many following were the result of a scientific collaboration between the "Laboratoire d'Etudes Aérodynamiques" of Poitiers University and the "Facultad de Ingeneria" of Buenos Aires in which Moreau and Artana were the main actors [25-29]. Fig. 39. Experimental setup performed by G. Artana and al (general view). H.V. Fig. 36. Experimental setup performed by C. Noger and al (general view). Fig. 37. Experimental setup performed by C. Noger and al (side view). Experiments were made for low Reynolds number, from 15 to 45. For such Reynolds number it is well known that the flow makes two recirculation bubbles behind the cylinder. The application of the high voltage (up to 7 kV) reduces strongly the size of the recirculation bubbles (up to 80%). 5) Razorbladeelectrodeonacylinder Later Touchard [22], used the same experimental device than previously described, but with a razor blade instead of the needle (figure 38) and a metallic grid placed far downstream as counter electrode Experiments gave the same kind of results. H.V. Fig. 40. Experimental setup performed by G. Artana and al (side view). +H.V. -H.V.PDF Image | Plasma actuators for aeronautics applications
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