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14 International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology Vol.2, No.1, MARCH 2008 averaged value. The lower electrode and the upper right electrode are connected together and grounded. and 8 mm spaced (center-to-center electrodes), this configuration is called symmetric because the lower side electrodes are placed at the middle of two upper side electrodes. In figure (56 b) the electrodes are 0.5 mm wide and 8.5 mm spaced, this configuration is called asymmetric because the lower side electrodes have one side just below the opposite side of the corresponding upper side electrode. In figure (56 c) the electrodes are 0.5 mm wide and 10.5 mm spaced, this configuration is called planar because the lower electrode is a planar copper sheet covering all the dielectric. For wind tunnel tests the panel was attached with double-side adhesive tape to a 12.7 mm thick fiber glass backing board in order to make it structurally rigid. A.C. + D.C. H.V. Fig. 54. Sliding actuator (general view). Fig. 55. Sliding actuator (side view). Typically the AC voltage amplitude applied is between 5 kV and 20 kV with a sinusoidal waveform, the frequency is several hundreds Hertz to 1kHz and the DC voltage amplitude is between 5 kV and 15 kV. Some times only an alternative (AC) potential is applied to the upper left electrode while a DC voltage is applied to the set composed by the upper right electrode and the lower electrode. In both configurations the results obtained are similar. The width of the plasma zone generated with this actuator can easily reach several cm, but the electric wind is in the same order than with the DBD actuator. 3) The One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP) This actuator has been perfected and patented by the group of Roth [44, 45]. It is based on sets of parallel DBD actuators. Experiments have been made on a flat plate in the NASA Langley 7x11-inch Low-Speed Wind Tunnel. The dielectric material used was conventional dielectric printed circuit board material (woven- glass/epoxy construction, 0.75mm thick), it was copper coated and the actuator electrodes were obtained as usual tracks are made on printed circuit board. The dielectric panels (3 were tested having different electrodes configurations) were nearly square (270 x 273 mm). The upper side (in contact with the air of the wind tunnel) contained 26 copper strip electrodes. The three different electrodes configurations corresponding to the three different panels tested are shown in figure56 (figure on scale). In all case electrodes are regularly staggered. In figure (56 a) the electrodes are 2 mm wide A.C. H.V. A.C. H.V. A.C. H.V. Fig. 56. Configurations of electrodes. a b c A.C. + D.C. H.V. Using the configuration presented in figure (56 a), (symmetric electrodes) two orientations of the panel have been tested, electrodes parallel to the mean airflow velocity (called streamwise) (figure 57) and electrodes perpendicular to the mean airflow velocity (called spanwise) (figure 58). In both cases, the 26 upper side electrodes were connected to the high power supply delivering voltage up to 5.4 kV with a frequency up to 20 kHz. Drag measurements, in terms of wind tunnel air stream velocity (from 1.5 m/s to 26 m/s), made for 4 kV and 3 kHz, showed an increasing of drag for the actuator on with a slope comparable to the slope obtained with a turbulent flow, when for actuator off the transition laminar/turbulent occurred around 7-8 m/s. The higher advantage of these actuators was not so the magnitude of the electric wind generated, which was in the order of a few m/s, but their ability to enhance the transition from laminar to turbulent. Other arrangements have been proposed by Roth [45]. We can see in figure 59 actuators in which all the electrodes are embedded inside the dielectric material.PDF Image | Plasma actuators for aeronautics applications
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