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Touchard 21 In order to avoid spark discharges between the two upper electrodes, both high voltages applied to these electrodes must be synchronized. For that, the function generators were synchronized by a synchronizer working at the same frequency. Each DBD actuator produced an electric wind in opposite direction. The conjunction of both electric winds produced two eddies rotating in opposite direction and built up a jet whose orientation depended on the voltage amplitude applied to each DBD actuator (figure 78). whose diameter is in the range 0.3 mm to 1.5 mm. A second electrode, made of tungsten, is 1 mm in diameter. The copper electrode is grounded while the tungsten electrode is connected to a high voltage source. A spark occurred inside a cavity surrounded by alumina (figure 79). A distance of 2 mm exists between the electrodes. The alumina cavity diameter was 4 mm. copper electrode cavity Alumina tungsten electrode aperture High voltage Amplifier Function Generator Oscilloscope Synchronizer Fig. 77. Electrical circuit. High voltage Amplifier Function Generator RR Fig. 79. Spark synthetic jet actuator. The spark between the electrodes rises very fast the air temperature in the cavity. Then the pressure increasing the air is ejected through the aperture. When the temperature decreases, air is sucked in the cavity and the spark could occur again. Very high velocities (several hundreds m/s) could be reached for a 1mm in diameter aperture. The jet duration is between 200 and 300μs. Frequency repetition could reach 1 kHz during one set of experiments. 2) Arcfilamentactuators An actuator has been performed by Samimy and al [56, 57] in order to modify high velocity jet. The goal was to control high-speed flows. Experiments were made on a jet plume exiting a 25.4 mm in diameter nozzle (figure80). The compressed air was supplied to a stagnation chamber and conditioned before entering an axisymmetric converging-diverging nozzle. The air was then discharged horizontally through the nozzle into an anechoic chamber. The jet Mach number was up to 1.3. Oscilloscope A.C. H.V. 2 synchronizer A.C. H.V. 1 Fig. 78 Side view of the actuators E. Actuatorsperformingarcdischarges 1) Sparksyntheticjetactuator This device has been performed and tested by several authors, but is well described by Caruana [55]. It is made of a 2 mm thick copper electrode having an aperture nozzle jet plume Height uniformly distributed actuators are inserted in a ceramic (boron nitride) nozzle extension (figure 81). Each actuator is made of two tungsten 1 mm in diameter electrodes. The electrodes are inserted into the extension through radial channels. The electrodes tips in contact with the jet are housed in a ring groove made in the ceramic in order to reduce the effect of the jet on the discharge. The ring groove is 0.5 mm deep and 1mm wide. The distance between the two electrodes of each actuator is 3 mm. The basic working process of such actuator is to produce fast and intense arcs in order to Fig. 80. Nozzle and jet.PDF Image | Plasma actuators for aeronautics applications
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