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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4168 2 of 26 • High cycle efficiencies are also obtained, attributed to lower pumping power requirements and the non-ideal gas properties of sCO2 which translate into lower fuel consumption and lower capital and operating costs. Targeted efficiencies of large-scale, closed supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles approach 50% • The suitability of the cycle for waste heat recovery from a variety of heat sources (e.g., nuclear, solar, fossil, geothermal, etc.) • The application of these high-efficiency cycles reduces greenhouse gas effects because a CO2 emission is used as a working fluid or as a recycle stream (i.e., not emitted) • The suitability of sCO2 cycle systems for use in arid climates because of their ability to use dry cooling (thus saving water) [7] • Low purification requirements for fluid leakages because the cycle operates above the critical pressure of CO2 The NET Power (Allam) cycle combines both originalities of oxy-combustion and supercritical CO2 fluids in one system which is aimed at high power generation efficiencies coupled with high levels of CO2 capture [8]. A review of oxy-combustion cycles has been reported by the International Energy Agency (IEA) identifying the main cycle configurations, requirements, benefits, complications and future developments by presenting cycle modelling and techno-economic study results [9]. The NET Power is one of the most attractive of the listed oxy-combustion cycles in terms of efficiency reaching 55% on lower heating value of fuel (LHV). Natural gas fuel or coal and oxygen from an air separation unit are combusted at high temperatures reaching 1200 ◦C at high pressures (≈30 MPa) with the recirculated CO2; due to the absence of N2 in the combustion process, the flue gases are mostly composed of CO2 and H2O with no formation of NOx (for a natural gas based cycle). The combustion products are then expanded in the CO2 turbine with a pressure ratio between 6 and 12 before entering a multi-flow economizer heat exchanger where the turbine cooling flow and the recycled CO2 and O2 streams to the combustor are pre-heated using the residual flue gas heat [10]. The exhaust stream is also cooled for condensation and separation of water from the mixture. A fraction of the remaining (mostly pure) CO2 stream is sent for carbon capture and storage while the rest is re-compressed and used as a temperature moderator in the combustor through mixing with the O2 coming from the ASU [11]. Cooling of the combustor and turbine components to allow operation at the relatively high turbine inlet temperature of 1200 ◦C is more complex than in a conventional combined cycle gas turbine where cooling air can be bled directly from the compressor section. For the Allam cycle, the available cooling fluid is the CO2 stream, unless a closed loop system is implemented using a different fluid, e.g., steam, although this would add cost as there is no steam available in the cycle. This constraint could limit the cycle from further efficiency improvements through increased turbine entry temperature due to the counterbalancing cooling penalty. One of the most critical barriers that inhibits the full-scale development of the novel NET Power cycle is the design of the high-pressure, high temperature turbine which dictates cooling requirements, material considerations and number of stages to name a few. The turbine operates at an unorthodox combination of high temperatures, comparable to those of gas turbines, and high pressures, analogous to steam plants, in the presence of unconventional working fluids. The design of a proposed and undisclosed axial turbine, developed by Toshiba [12], requires intricate cooling passages within the small-sized blades, hence poses significant constraints on the design thereby limiting aerodynamic performance and manufacturability. A radial turbine, which generally has a simpler construction and fewer stages when compared to its axial contestant, is suggested as a superior candidate arrangement for such cycles of high fluid density. For these reasons, the NET Power theme is taken as the basis of a paradigm cycle configuration around which restrictions of a radial turbine design can be applied. A thermodynamic analysis of a mid-range cycle is established while lowering the turbine inlet temperature to remove cooling complications within the radial turbine passages. The cycle conditions are then considered for the design of a multi-MW scale turbine by using lower-order preliminary and higher fidelity methods.PDF Image | Radial Turbine Design for a Utility-Scale Supercritical CO2 Power
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