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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4168 5 of 26 employed does not provide the capability of having a fluid mixture (such as that present in the cycle) so the working fluid is taken as pure supercritical CO2 assigned by the AxS Carbon Dioxide property method which is a modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state that covers a wide range of pressures and enthalpies [22]. Default empirical methods and loss models for radial turbines embedded in AxSTREAM are used in the design tasks. All the generated turbine solutions can be explored in depth in the counterpart of the PD tool of AxSTREAM, the design space explorer, where designs are filtered through by applying constraints and limitations to allow trade-offs between power, efficiency, geometric design and velocities. Table 1 shows the filters applied to the design space to narrow the results selection process. The turbine solutions that do not meet the pre-defined constraints are automatically discarded and the selected designs can be examined in terms of flow path geometry. This option also allows for a quick study of the influence of crucial parameters on performance and size at the early stages of preliminary design. Parameter Table 1. Design space explorer constraints. Unit Constraint Power Efficiency Flow coefficient Rotor inlet blade speed Rotor outlet absolute flow angle 2.4. Turbine Throughflow Analysis MW ≥W ̇ from cycle Section 3.1 % ≥80 - <1 m/s ≈450 ◦ ≈0 The selected turbines from the preliminary design step are then analysed using the throughflow tool of AxSTREAM. Meanline analysis can be performed by using only the mean curvature section of the blade. Whereas a more refined streamline benchmarking calculation is done using the direct solver that considers the cascade geometry at hub, mid-span and tip for both stator and rotor. Kinematic and thermodynamic parameters are obtained along the blade height at three sections (hub, mid-span and tip). The aim is to get more precise performance parameters of the turbine before proceeding to blade profiling and design if needed. Once a number of results are obtained for a select number of turbines, the user can start the post-design process of reviewing and editing the turbine flow path if needed; turbines that have not shown good performance or have not achieved solution convergence are discarded at this step instead of trying to optimise and edit the design. The outcome of the streamline calculations include loss and velocity charts, updated velocity triangles, meridional flow path and the enthalpy- entropy diagram, all which can be saved to the main project database to override performance results from the PD step. The project database will hold all relevant turbine information for each section (hub, mean, tip) as well as details on geometric and loss values for the design. Another check on the required constraints is performed in case any design fails to meet the criteria so as not carry it further to higher fidelity simulations. 2.5. Computational Fluid Dynamics AxSTREAM provides tools that generate geometries based on 1D meanline design and allows analysis using higher fidelity models ranging from streamline analysis, axi-symmetric 2D and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD). AxCFD is the tool used for pre-processing, mesh generation, calculation and results post-processing. This step allows for the evaluation of the designed flow path, the comparison of results between the different calculation models (meanline, streamline, 3D CFD), and the understanding of flow mechanisms within the turbine. The turbine domain employing a mixing plane halfway between stator trailing edge and rotor leadingedgeissimulatedusingAxCFD.Boundaryconditions,ofP0in =297bar,T0in =1173Kand Pout = 54.0 bar, and working parameters are taken directly from the AxSTREAM project case savedPDF Image | Radial Turbine Design for a Utility-Scale Supercritical CO2 Power
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