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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 9060 7 of 25 components to form the main product, byproducts, or residues [27]. As shown in Figure 2, the external resources of the turbofan engine are the total exergy of air and aviation fuel. The products are the kinetic exergy of air and combustion gases in States 7 and 8, which provide the thrust to sustain flight. The residual exergy streams are the chemical exergy of the exhaust gases and the physical exergy of the air and combustion gases leaving their respective nozzles.The products and residues of an energy system are formed within their productive components, and the residues are released to the environment through dissipative components. The productive components provide resources to other components to form the final products and residual streams of an energy system. The set of the productive components of a turbofan engine is P = {D, F, FN, C, CC, HPT, LPT, N}. Air circuit EPH 8 cS EQc Kinetic exergy CC 1 Et3-Et2CWC E8 CC 2 PH PH K Power W cF K PH cF Eac cD Et1c Et2c-E8 FN E8 PH PH Et2c-Et1c EK EPH ah hD t1h Ef EPH-EPH W t2h t1h hF hF PH PH PHPH KK Et4 -Et3 t4 t5 HPT E 7 ECH 7 PH PH EQb PH PH E-E HPT W E -E t5 t6 LPT N W LPT K PH PH E Et6-E7 EPH Gases circuit E7CH chS ECH 7 7 E 7 hSQh Chemical exergy Figure 2. Productive structure of a turbofan engine. hS, hot stack. The state at the entrance of the D (state a) corresponds to the dead state. Therefore, the total air exergy flow is equal to its kinetic exergy (E ̇a = E ̇aK). In the D, the air kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy, and the air reaches the stagnation state 01. The productive objective of the F and C is to increase the physical exergy of the air (m ̇ a and m ̇ h) by increasing the air pressure using the fan and compression power, respectively, as resources. In the CC, the exothermic reaction between air and fuel is used to convert the chemical exergy of JET-A1 into the exergy associated with the combustion heat (E ̇ Q ̇ b ). Simultaneously, the chemical exergy of the combustion gases is formed. Subsequently, E ̇ Q ̇ b produces a physical exergy change between States 04 and 03. The products of the high and low expansion turbines are the power generated to mechanically drive the C and F. They use the differences between the physical exergies of their corresponding exiting and entering combustion gases as resources. Finally, the productive purposes of the FN and N are to accelerate and exhaust cold air and combustion gases, respectively. Their products are the kinetic exergies in States 7 and 8. The resource of each nozzle is the difference between the stagnant physical exergy at the entrance and the static physical exergy at the exit of each of the productive components. Figure 2 shows the productive structure. The set of dissipative components conforms to cold, hot, and chemical stacks: D = {cS, hS, chS}. These components do not generate any product; their purpose is to expel the residual exergy flows created during the production process to the environment [13,28,29]. The physical exergies of the exhausted air and combustion gases are thePDF Image | Residue Cost Formation of a High Bypass Turbofan Engine
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