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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 9060 21 of 25 Appendix B. Exergy Balance Table A2 presents the resource, product, irreversibility, residue exergy flows, and exergy efficiency of each component, which were calculated by applying the equations of Table 3. Table A2. Resources, products, residues, and irreversibilities of the turbofan components (F ̇ = P ̇ + R ̇ + I ̇). Component F ̇ P ̇ R ̇ I ̇ ηex ∆H ̇ T0 ∆S ̇ (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (-) (MW) (MW) Cold-air side (Bypass section) D 4.62 4.53 0 0.09 0.98 F 91.35 82.67 0 8.68 0.90 FN 87.05 82.78 0 4.28 0.95 cSt 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.00 Hot-gas side (Core engine) 4.62 0.09 91.35 8.68 −82.78 4.28 −13.20 −13.05 0.55 0.01 10.88 1.03 138.26 5.43 248.38 124.71 −138.26 3.97 −102.23 4.17 −15.51 0.31 −142.07 −84.56 0.00 55.08 D F C CC HPT LPT N hSt chSt GE90 0.55 0.54 10.88 9.84 138.26 132.82 266.34 186.59 142.23 138.26 106.39 102.23 15.82 15.51 0 0.01 0.98 0 1.03 0.90 0 5.43 0.96 0 79.75 0.70 0 3.97 0.97 0 4.17 0.96 0 0.31 0.98 57.51 0.00 43.87 13.64 7.84 0.00 7.84 0.00 Turbofan Engine 271.51 98.29 51.86 121.37 0.36 Appendix C. Exergoeconomic Analysis The economic data of the engine were taken from Balli [1]: a total capital investment cost for the engine of TCI = 16,000,000.00 USD, engine overhaul and maintenance cost of OMC = 800,000.00 USD, engine operation hours in a year of τ = 3000 h, interest rate of i = 10%, engine lifetime of N = 30 years, and engine salvage ratio of SV = 15%. Based on these data, the following economic parameters were estimated: the present value factor PV F = (1 + i)−n = 0.05731, present worth PW = TCI − SV ⋅ PVF = 15,862,459.0 USD, capital recovery factor CRF = i(1 + i)n/[(1 + i)n − 1] = 0.1061, annual capital cost ACC = PW ⋅ CRF = 682,678.0 USD/year, hourly levelized total capital investment cost rate Z ̇ TCI = ACC/τ = 560.893 USD, hourly levelized operating and maintenance cost rate of the system Z ̇OMC = OMC/τ = 266.667 USD/h, and total hourly levelized total cost rate of the engine Z ̇ TOT = Z ̇ TCI + Z ̇ OMC = 827.559 USD/h. In this study, the purchase cost of each productive component was determined from Z ̇ i = ωiZ ZTOT withωDZ =5%,ωFZ =17%,ωFZN =4%,ωCZ =22%,ωCZC =14%,ωHZPT =18%,ωLZPT =12%,andωNZ =8%. The price of the fuel Jet-A1 was considered as 27.04 USD/GJ [35], and the price for air was taken as zero. Table A3 presents the cost balance of each component of the GE90-115B turbofan engine. Columns fr and fZ of Table A3 correspond to the residue and component factors, respectively. They represent the contributions of the residue and component costs, respectively, to the production cost of each component [17]. These indicators are defined as fr,i = ΠrP,i/ΠP,i and fZ,i = ΠZP,i/ΠP,i, respectively. The exergoeconomic factor fP,i = Z ̇i/(Z ̇i +cF,iI ̇i) indicates the exergoeconomic costs of a component [17], which is the sum of the component cost (Z ̇i) and the cost of the irreversibilities generated in this component (cF,i I ̇i). If the economic cost of the external resources of the ith component is zero, then fP,i = 1, as is the case for the D. A low exergoeconomic factor for a component (fP,i → 0) suggests that the cost of the irreversibilities dominates and that the overall cost of the entire system may be reduced by improving the component efficiency (i.e., reducing the exergy destruction),PDF Image | Residue Cost Formation of a High Bypass Turbofan Engine
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