PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 004
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5049 4 of 22 corresponding off-design performance are developed with the aim to calculate the annual production of electricity (annual yield) for a particular location and set of boundary conditions [11]. With all the information described above, this paper constitutes the last step in this research, leading to the original objective of estimating the Levelised Cost of Electricity f CSP-sCO2 power plants. As said before, this is the Key Performance Indicator needed to assess whether or not standard sCO2 cycles or the new SCARABEUS concept will enable meeting the ambitious LCoE objective set forth by the SunShot programme. The value of the present paper lies on two main features. First, the wide portfolio of cycle layouts as produced by the review paper written by the authors in 2017 based on 160 references [4], which ensures that all the candidate cycles are included in the comparison. Second, the fact that the series of papers listed in the previous paragraphs are all consistent in the methodologies used and assumptions made. Indeed, each piece of research is built upon a previous one by the authors and, therefore, the thermodynamic references and environmental conditions are all consistent, the time value of money is taken into account to normalise currency, the on and off-design models of performance used to calculate the yield of each cycle are the same, and there is no bias in the comparative analysis of results. This applies to the entire process, from literature review to LCoE calculation. 2. Techno-Economic Assessment of CSP Based on sCO2 2.1. Operating Conditions The initial works on supercritical power cycles acknowledged the superior thermal performance of this technology, with respect to standard steam cycles, when turbine inlet temperatures are higher than 600/650 oC [6]. Below this value, the little gain (if any) brought about by sCO2 cycles does not pay off the lower reliability and higher cost of a still less mature technology. Unfortunately, even at the lower end of the temperature range where sCO2 is substantially better than steam, the operating temperatures that are needed are far from the values currently achieved by commercial solar technologies, as recently confirmed by a report issued by the SCARABEUS consortium [12]. Two major hurdles are identified. Receiver technologies able to achieve temperatures in excess of 700 oC are available but they have not reached the commercial stage yet [13]. This also applies to heat transfer fluids able to harvest this high-temperature thermal energy available in the receiver, in order to feed both the power block and Thermal Energy Storage system, which are currently available but not widely commercialised [14]. This availability of high temperature heat transfer fluids is assessed in Table 1 where the characteristics of different intermediate to high-temperature molten salts are listed. Amongst them, this work makes use of FLiNaK for the sake of continuity with past works by the authors. Thermodynamic-wise, this is a very interesting option even though the very high cost of this salt compromises the economic feasibility of its practical implementation. Still, it is assumed that adopting this fluid yields a safe (conservative) estimate of the cost of electricity associated to this technology. Table 1. Comparison between different molten salts for intermediate-high temperature Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants. Salt NaNO3-KNO3 (Solar Salt) [15] LiF-NaF-KF (FLiNaK) [14] Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 [17] Na2CO3-NaOH [17] MgCl2-KCl [15] ZnCl-NaCl-KCl [15] Composition [%] 60–40 46.5–11.5–42 32–33–35 19–81 37.5–62.5 69–7–24 Freezing Point [ oC] 220 454 397 284 426 204 Boiling Point [ oC] 600 1570 662 714 1412 732 Price [$/kg] 0.8 8.6 [16] 2.5 [15] - 0.35 0.8 Price [$/kWht] * 10 54.8 26.1 2.3 5 18 * Values taken from [15] are obtained for ∆Tsalt = 200 oC. For the FLiNaK, authors calculated this price for ∆Tsalt = 290 oC. Values taken from [17] are estimated with market price of raw components in Q1 2015, for a maximum cycle temperature of 650 oC. The thermodynamic potential of sCO2 power cycles for different boundary conditions and applications was assessed by the authors in a previous work [8], based on an earlier, thoroughPDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Power Solar Power Plants
PDF Search Title:
Supercritical CO2 Power Solar Power PlantsOriginal File Name Searched:
applsci-10-05049-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)