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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5049 6 of 22 density function whereby costs are randomly taken from a given range of values with different probability: the cost of components with a lower maturity are allowed to change in a wider range whereas this range is much narrower for well established technologies. According to these calculations, uncertainty can potentially change the capital cost of the power block by plus/minus one-third of the cost, which is aligned with the information provided in the work by Weiland et al. for the National Energy Technology Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories in the USA. In this latter work, the authors relied on data provided by Original Equipment Manufacturers to estimate the installation costs of small and large power plants operating on gaseous and solid fossil fuels [21]. The results, which also accounted for uncertainty of the input data provided by vendors, were similar to those reported in [10] both in terms of the total values and the variability brought about by uncertainty. As discussed by Carlson et al., this is very likely due to the lack of a well established market that prevents engineering costs from being charged on very few clients [22]. The data presented in Figure 2 in the previous section are expanded in Table 3, the economic values of which are calculated for the 85% confidence interval based on the probability density functions discussed in [10]. The table provides information about the main thermodynamic features—thermal efficiency (ηth) and temperature rise across the solar receiver (∆Tsolar)—and about the Overnight Capital Cost of the plant and the contribution of each major equipment (TES, Solar Field, Tower/Receiver and Power Block). According to these data, the Transcritical CO2 (TC) and Recompression (RC) layouts yield the lowest and highest installation costs, respectively, 5656 and 6867 $/kWinst, while the Partial Cooling (PC) cycle seems to provide the best compromise between thermal and economic features, closely followed by the Allam (Al) cycle. Table 3. Thermo-economic assessment of different cycle layouts. Adapted from [10]. Cycle ηth ∆Tsolar [%] [ oC] OCC [$/kWinst ] 6404 5656 6515 6867 5907 5943 CTES CSF CT&R [k$] [k$] [k$] 78,184 85,657 75,123 76,648 80,675 75,307 80,145 76,373 79,697 91,640 76,547 90,000 70,230 75,603 70,945 79,403 87,074 75,778 CPB [k$] 50,585 21,896 58,835 52,498 50,568 26,227 SR 45.8 290 TC 48.3 290 PrC 50.6 254 RC 50.5 220 PC 51.1 290 Al 45.0 290 The information shown so far confirms that the installation costs based on sCO2 power cycles are comparable or even lower (for some layouts) than for steam turbines used in state-of-the-art CSP plants −5800 $/kWinst according to [23]. The large cost share of the Thermal Energy Storage system is also confirmed, which puts the temperature rise across the solar receiver stems forward as a critical factor involved in plant design, given its very strong impact on the inventory of salts that is needed to operate a plant of given output and storage capacity. Finally, heat exchangers stem as the most relevant individual component in the power block cost-wise, Figure 3, with a larger share than turbomachinery; this confirms earlier comments in this section. A closer look into the operation of the cycles compared in Table 3 reveals that the Transcritical CO2 cycle requires the most restricting boundary conditions in order to achieve the lowest installation costs in the list. This is due to the need to enable condensation of the working fluid, which is only possible if the inlet temperature to the Transcritical CO2 pump is set to about 15 oC (strictly speaking, a temperature lower than the critical temperature of CO2 would suffice to enable the implementation of a Transcritical cycle. Nevertheless, performance-wise, this layout only makes sense if the saturation temperature in the condenser is substantially lower than the critical temperature. This is why a value of 15 oC at the pump inlet is usually adopted). This translates into ambient temperatures in the order of 8 oC if an evaporative cooling tower is considered or less than 5 oC if air coolers are used, values that are only rarely found in the arid (even desertic) locations where CSP plants are typically found. The dismissal of the Transcritical CO2 layout for these reasons narrows the selection of cost-effectivePDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Power Solar Power Plants
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