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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5049 9 of 22 • Net electric output (W ̇ cycle): power output at generator terminals minus auxiliary power consumption. Auxiliary power accounts for the power needed to drive auxiliary equipment in the power block. • Heat input (Qin): heat supplied to the power block (i.e., absorbed by the working fluid). • Power consumption of the cooling system (W ̇ cooling): power consumed by the evaporative cooling system. • Water mass flow rate of the cooling system (m ̇ w,cooling): total amount of water needed in the cooling system. These parameters are obtained for the so-called best control strategy and they must be normalised with respect to their rated values. For a more detailed discussion about how the power cycles are operated off-design, interested readers are referred to a complementary work by the authors [11]. 3.2. Dispatch Control and Financial Model Dispatch control refers to the scheme under which the Thermal Energy Storage System and power block are operated. In other words, the periods and operating conditions during which the power block drains energy from the Thermal Energy Storage to make up for the lack of concentrated solar energy supplied from the solar field directly (in a power plant using molten salts, heat input to the power block is always provided by the Thermal Energy Storage system. The text refers to situations where the net energy balance in the Thermal Energy Storage systems is negative), in order to achieve the desired turbine output. Two different dispatch control schemes are considered in this work: the default scheme reported by SAM and the scheme proposed by the SunShot Vision Study [28]. A graphical representation of these is presented in Figure 5 which confirms that these schemes merely define an overall schedule of plant operation but they do not substitute or interfere with the off-design control strategies described in another work from the same authors [11]. Actually, the control schemes are aimed at enabling the output setting assigned by the dispatchability scheme. In particular, for SAM’s default dispatch control, the plant runs at full capacity whenever possible, enabling a 5% over-charge during the central hours of the day in summer time, characterised by the highest solar irradiation. Running the plant in these conditions increases the average output of the plant but this is, potentially, at the cost of fewer operating hours in seasons with fewer sun hours. As opposed to this, the dispatch control scheme adopted by the SunShot Vision case drains energy from the Thermal Energy Storage system to sustain operation at 75% load during off-sun hours or during the day in seasons with lower solar radiation. This reduced load operation, marked in dark green (also number 2) in Figure 5, enables longer operating hours and reduces the number of shut-down/start-up manoeuvrers throughout the year. (a) Figure 5. Cont.PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Power Solar Power Plants
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