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sample’s thermal history [85]. By using scCO2, plasticisation of the polymer takes place by increasing the free volume between the molecular chains and facilitates crystallisation below the thermodynamic crystallisation temperature [23, 86]. Ordinarily, methyl substituted PEEK (MePEEK) does not crystallise, possibly as a consequence of the reduction in packing efficiency introduced by the methyl group. However, when processed with scCO2 crystallisation is induced through a process of annealing leading to the formation of a semi- crystalline polymer [87]. Similar results are reported for tertiary-butyl substituted PEEK (t-b- PEEK) where it is apparent that greater CO2 pressures are required to induce the crystallisation, potentially due to the increased size of the functional group in comparison to MePEEK [88]. Similarly to the polymeric foams created with PCL and PLA, efforts have been made to foam PEEK using scCO2. Nanocellular foams have been reported for blends of PEEK and polyetherimide (PEI), however, it is notable that the foaming is constrained to the PEI within the blend and is not observed for PEEK [89]. The polymer processing conditions are important for controlling the final properties of the polymer, as stated previously. The processing conditions, in the extreme sense, may lead to degradation of the polymer matrix and thereby alter the polymer’s chemical structure. An example of this is where flame spraying is used to create a PEEK coating. The temperatures required to sufficiently reduce the viscosity of the melt phase causes a reaction between the acetylene and PEEK, saturating the carbon atoms within the phenyl ring [90]. The radiation resistance of PEEK has been investigated, results showing that PEEK retains up to 60 % of its elongation at break with γ-ray doses up to 1 MGy [91]. It has been shown that PEEK’s thermal history may influence the physical properties post processing, for example exposure 43PDF Image | Supercritical Fluids and Their Application to the Recycling of High-Performance Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials
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