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The Popel Report 223 To Question 1: The Multiple In-Winding, Convoluting Flow Process. If water containing coarse suspended matter is first stirred around in a glass beaker and afterwards left to rotate by itself, then the suspensions concentrate themselves in the axis of the rotating cylinder of water caused by the stirring. This well-known natural phenomenon is already being evaluated technically in the circular sand-capture machine by the Geiger Company, Karlsruhe and in the 'Hydro-Cyclone' of the Stami-Carbon Company for the separation of suspensions from water. In both cases the contents of the circular containers is caused to rotate by the tangential supply of the liquid, which can be con- sidered to be the cause of the self-ordered concentration of suspended matter in the axis of the vertically rotating cylinder of liquid. However if water is conducted from a large container into an inlet pipe and is set in a faster or slower rotation above this, a suction funnel is formed, which is deeper or shallower according to the velocity of flow prevailing in the outlet pipe. Attentive observers can often watch the formation of such vortexial funnels at the outlets of basins and baths. The spiralling of the water in the pipe, evolving from the inlet in the direction of the outlet pipe and the forward motion of the water in the outlet pipe itself, now generate as a result of these reciprocal influences, a flow-through process composed of the simultaneously combined effects of several 3-dimensional space-curves, which can be made visible in the following manner. Water flows from a vessel with a constantly maintained water level (levelling vessel) into a glass pipe of 40 mmOID1 and onwards by means of a rubber hose of 19 mmOID to an overflow. Whereas in Test Stand 1 (Diagram 1) the levelling vessel and the water supply were so arranged that only a very weak spiralling motion at the inlet of the observation pipe was able to develop, in the case of Test Stand 2 (Diagram 2) the build-up of spiral motion was intentionally assisted by the trumpet-like form and a tangential inflow of water. The 40 mmOID test pipe with a flow section of 0.125 dcm2 was supplied with a quantity of water between 0.2 and 0.21 litres/sec, so that this would flow through at a calculated velocity of 1.6 to 1.68 dcm/sec. This already lies within the region of turbulent flow. A thin silk thread, weighted at the end, hanging straight down into the test pipe at a state of rest, was set 1 To aid readers unfamiliar with the metric system of measurement and to avoid over-complicating an already complex text by inserting Imperial or US equivalents, the following correspondences have been provided by the editor: 1 litre (1) 1 millimetre (mm) 1centimetre (cm) = 0.22 imp. gallons = 0.03937 inches = 0.3937 inches 1mm2 1 cm2 = 0.26 US gallon = 0.00155 in2 1mm3 = 0.00006102 in3 = 0.155 in2 1 cm3 = 0.06102 in3 1 decimetre (dcm) = 3.937 inches 1 dcm2 = 15.5 in2 1 dcm3 = 61.02 in3 1 metre (m) = 39.37 inches (3.28ft) 1 m2 =10.764 ft2 1 m3 = 35.315 ft3PDF Image | The Energy Evolution
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