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230 The Energy Evolution the flow through the pipe, these must therefore have a greater capacity than straight pipes of equal flow section under otherwise identical conditions. If the processes of motion, above and beyond those initiated by the spiral form of the helicoid pipe, are also synchronous with the momentum arising from the velocity of the through-flow, then, as in the case of the strongly curved space-spiral in the glass pipe, the water ought actually to flow through the helicoid pipe in a freely oscillating manner, i.e. without touching the pipe walls and without the formation of flow-impeding and separating vortices. In this case, as a result of the multiple in-winding flow motion, the pipe wall would then hardly be touched by the water at all. From this it would appear as yet a further step towards hypothetical conclusions, that under very specific preconditions the frictional losses usually occurring in straight pipes could be reduced to zero in the case of the helicoid pipe. The same hypotheses, however, could also be put forward for the helicoid pipes, which in shape correspond to the weakly curved space-spirals formed inside the straight pipes and with which the spiralling motion of the water is created by a particular configuration of the pipe walls. This screw-shaped indentation in the pipe walls of the straight and curved helicoid pipes, how- ever, by virtue of the flow patterns, will not only aid the formation of the in-winding flow process itself, but will also stabilise its actual configuration - as for example in the case of the rifled barrel of a gun. The hypothetical conclusions arising from the flow experiments described under Question 1 above, were checked as to their formal logic by measure- ments of the friction losses and outputs of seven straight or spiral pipes of various cross-section and wall configuration. From the levelling vessel of Test Stand 1, the water was conducted to the pipes to be tested by a rubber hose of 19 mmOID. A rubber hose of the same diameter served to further conduct the water towards the measuring outlet. This essentially consists of an outlet pipe, enlarging conically from 20 mmOID to 40 mmOID, with two connections for measuring the drop in pressure (Diagrams 3 & 4). The outlet pipe is positioned centrally in a drain catchment. A stopwatch was used to measure the quantity of water flowing through the pipe by the time required to fill a 15 litre measuring vessel. The head of pres- sure thereby expended, was determined with the aid of three measuring pipes arranged directly adjacent to the measuring outlet. The difference in height h between the water level of the levelling vessel and the outlet pipe were constantly measured. In addition the pressure gradient h was measured, arising from the flow through the outlet pipe itself. The ascertained outputs q are based on the amount of friction and in Diagram 5 are plotted in the form of a graph using a double logarithmical co-ordinate system. In consideration of the various flow sections f of the different test pipes, in this case it was not the flow-trough velocityv that wasPDF Image | The Energy Evolution
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