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The Popel Report 231 graphically depicted in double logarithmical form, but the measured output q based on the measured difference in the heights h of the water levels. The connecting lines of the mutually related measured values, which could be described briefly as q - h lines, would then have to be straight, taking the Weissbach formulation as a basis, for which the relation According to this basic equation the measured values of the pipes of equal flow section and equal roughness of pipe wall must therefore lie along a straight line. In the case of unequal cross-sections, however, the values would certainly be displaced by a factor dependent upon 1/f2. As is shown in Diagram 5, the q - h lines of the different test pipes actually deviate very considerably from the straight line and exhibit a characteristic oscillating course, as for example in the case of the spiral helicoid copper pipe (Test Pipe 2), concerning which the possibility cannot be ruled out that, as determined, the measured values may not have been ascertained with suffi- cient care. The smooth, straight copper pipes with constant (Test Pipe 3) and conical (Test Pipe 5) flow sections are those which best follow the hydraulic postulate h = c x q2. With the other test pipes, apart from the oscillating course of the curves, the direction of the connecting lines are characterised by a relation in which the exponent of the output q is smaller than 2. For the Test Stand (Test Pipe 1) itself, as well as Test Pipe 2 (spiral helicoid pipe), Test Pipe 4 (straight glass pipe) and Test Pipe 7 (straight conical helicoid pipe - larger cross- section) the exponent would be reduced to 1.67. In the case of Test Pipe 6 (con- ical spiral helicoid pipe) it actually decreases to 1.57 and with Test Pipe 8 (straight, conical helicoid pipe - smaller cross-section) attains the lowest value of 1.51. This permits the conclusion that the winding and twisting of the pipes can exert either a favourable or an unfavourable influence on the flow- through processes according to the prevailing flow-through velocities. If for example, Test Pipes 6 and 5 are considered, which have the same length and conically shaped flow section, but which differ in relation to their winding and twisting, then the measured value arising from the position of the connecting lines is such, that the winding and twisting of Test Pipe 6 in the area under measurement has an unfavourable effect on its output. The straight, conical copper pipe with smooth walls (No. 5) at equal difference in height of the water levels, delivers more water than the helicoid pipe. The difference in the output, however, constantly decreases with increasing difference in height and at a value of h = 28 cm, is completely cancelled out. With greater differences in height the helicoid pipe (No. 6) delivers a greaterPDF Image | The Energy Evolution
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