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8 cm3 per litre of water, depending upon the water temperature. This quanti- ty is very slight compared to the amount of soluble carbon-dioxide in one litre of water, which decreases from 1500cm3 to 1000cm3 as the temperature rises from +4°C to +15°C. In general great care should be taken to ensure that the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) does not fall below 0.7 x 10 = pH7, since the aggressiveness of the oxygen will eventually damage the supply pipe. In addition the water's dissolved carbonates will also be precipitated as a result of the oxygen's activity. Experiments carried out in order to determine the relation between water temperature and external effects of a purely mechanical nature have yielded no satisfactory result. Kerner tried to establish formulae demonstrating that the temperature t of a spring is a function of altitude and the petrographical composition of the mountain range. Thus, in the case of the springs at the foot of surface moraines in the Dolomites, for example, he presents the equation t = 8.00 - 0.13h according to which water temperature should decrease by about 1°C (1.8°F) with an increase in altitude in the order of 200-300m (600-900ft). However, J. Stiny states that the functional relationship between altitude and water tem- perature should not to be adhered to too rigidly, since many other factors are also involved, including the 'motility of the air'. Keilhack refers to heat influences active in the water itself, resulting from processes of oxidation and hydrate formation. Because of this function, these quantities of heat attain considerable importance. Where carbone appears in the concentrated form of hard pit-coal or brown coal, an addi- tional heating effect occurs which is conditioned by the oxidation or com- bustion of coal seams in the interior of the Earth. A phenomenon occurring in many places relates to the fact that springs deliver cooler water and rise higher in summer than in winter.35 In summer a positive temperature gradient exists from the stratosphere to the lithosphere. During this period cold, once strongly-oxygenated snow meltwater emerges into the light of day. In winter, on the other hand, there is a negative temperature gradient from the atmosphere to the lithosphere, and frozen ground prevents the infiltration of surface water so that the rela- tively oxygen-deficient water that infiltrated during the summer rises from the depths. In both cases the water has had an opportunity to charge itself with carbones over an extended period, and to restructure and ennoble itself appropriately under the influence of a favourable temperature gradi- ent, with the result that such springs deliver excellent water. Both the length of time available for the water's processes of ennoblement inside the Earth, 35See "Temperature and the Movement of Water", latter part of footnote 44 - Ed.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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